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Topic Review
Sex differences in umbilical cord
Biological differences between sexes should be considered in all stages of research, but there is still a lack of stratification by sex despite primary cultured cells retain memory of the sex and of the donor. The sex of donors in biological research must be known because variations in cells and cellular components can be used as end points, biomarkers and/or targets of pharmacological studies. This selective review focuses on the current findings regarding sex differences observed in the umbilical cord, a widely used source of research samples, both in the blood and in the circulating cells, as well as in the different cellular models obtainable from it. Moreover, an overview on sex differences in fetal programming is reported. As it emerges that the sex variable is still often forgotten in experimental models, we suggest that should be mandatory to adopt a sex oriented research, because only awareness of these issues can lead to innovative research.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Enclosure Complexity on Zoo Animals
Habitat complexity is important for the maintenance of high levels of welfare for captive animals, especially at zoos. Generally, individuals who experience greater enclosure complexity express higher diversity of behaviours and show better physiological well-being. However, positive outcomes of providing habitat complexity should be species-specific, and not all species would benefit from it. Thus, it is important to provide and constantly evaluate the habitat complexity of zoo animals. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Bio-Preservation of Bread: Adopting Wholesome Strategies
Bread is a food that is commonly recognized as a very convenient type of food, but it is also easily prone to microbial attack. As a result of bread spoilage, a significant economic loss occurs to both consumers and producers. The bakery industry has sought to identify treatments that make bread safe and with an extended shelf-life to address this economic and safety concern, including replacing harmful chemical preservatives. New frontiers, on the other hand, have recently been explored. Alternative methods of bread preservation, such as microbial fermentation, utilization of plant and animal derivatives, nanofibers, and other innovative technologies, have yielded promising results. 
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.)
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn.) is a multipurpose crop suitable to Mediterranean environments.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Peptide Hormones
Small peptides are important signaling molecules that coordinate comprehensive intercellular communication in numerous aspects of developmental processes in plants.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Melatonin in Wine and Beer
Melatonin is a hormone secreted in the pineal gland with several functions, especially regulation of circadian sleep cycle and the biological processes related to it. This review evaluates the bioavailability of melatonin and resulting metabolites, the presence of melatonin in wine and beer and factors that influence it, and finally the different benefits related to treatment with melatonin. When administered orally, melatonin is mainly absorbed in the rectum and the ileum; it has a half-life of about 0.45–1 h and is extensively inactivated in the liver by phase 2 enzymes. Melatonin (MEL) concentration varies from picograms to ng/mL in fermented beverages such as wine and beer, depending on the fermentation process. These low quantities, within a dietary intake, are enough to reach significant plasma concentrations of melatonin, and are thus able to exert beneficial effects. Melatonin has demonstrated antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective actions. These benefits are related to its free radical scavenging properties as well and the direct interaction with melatonin receptors, which are involved in complex intracellular signaling pathways, including inhibition of angiogenesis and cell proliferation, among others. In the present review, the current evidence on the effects of melatonin on different pathophysiological conditions is also discussed.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Chromosome Organization in the Cell Nuclei
The spatial organization of the genome into the cell nucleus plays a central role in controlling several genome functions, such as gene expression and DNA replication timing during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Here we show how chromosomes are organized in the cell nucleus according to the gene density and to the GC-level of the various chromosomal bands, allowing a corrected and coordinated gene expression during cell life. The human genome, such as the genome of the other mammals, is composed by two very different parts: one very gene-dense, replicated at the onset of the S-phase, very GC-rich and the other endowed with opposite features. These two genomic compartments are localized far apart within a chromosome, with regions having intermediate properties located between them. This determines a zig-zag organization of the larger chromosomes, to position the gene-poorest genome compartment at the nuclear periphery and the gene-richest one at the nuclear interior.
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
MCPIP1
MCPIP1 (also known as regnase-1) is encoded by the ZC3H12A gene and is composed of 599 amino acids that encode a 66-kDa protein. MCPIP1 is a potent anti-inflammatory protein, and plays many roles within the regulation of the immune response.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Broccoli
Broccoli is one of the jewels of the horticultural crops worldwide, belonging to the cruciferous family and very rich in key nutrients (vitamins, minerals, fibre, etc.) as well as a great group of bioactive compounds including carotenoids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates. Among these phytochemicals, the most-studied in crucifers associated with disease prevention and wellbeing are glucosinolates [See also https://encyclopedia.pub/808]. The content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates naturally present in broccoli, can be increased through the management and control of the agronomic and environmental conditions used for broccoli cultivation. In this sense, the study of the effects of pre-harvest factors in the concentration of health-promoting compounds in broccoli, as a new strategy to be implemented in the field, can be considered of great interest. This would help to determine the best agronomic practices and cultivation conditions to improve the content of the compounds of interest in broccoli, without compromising its overall quality.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Intracellular Signalling in Wound Healing
The cells response to injury is initiated by growth factors and cytokines that play a key role in wound restoration, and their biological action is achieved via signal transduction. Growth factors and cytokines play distinct roles through all phases of wound healing. In response to injury, they can trigger several strategic signalling transduction pathways that are mostly activated during embryonic skin development. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and calcium (Ca2+) are the first intracellular signalling molecules for tissue repair response. These signalling molecules regulate several biological activities including cellular migration, proliferation, contractility, survival and many more related to different transcription factors that are usually induced by several other intracellular signalling pathways. This phenomenon makes it difficult to link a specific signalling response to injury.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Apr 2022
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