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Topic Review
Small Activating RNAs
Small double-strand RNAs (dsRNA) might target promoter regions of genes thereby activating transcription of targets a process known as RNA activation (RNAa). Small activating RNAs (saRNAs) involved in RNAa have been successfully used to activate gene expression in cultured cells as well as in different in vivo models. Thus, this technique might allow to develop various biotechnological applications without the need to synthesize hazardous construct systems harboring exogenous DNA sequences. The recent success of Covid-19 vaccinations is an excellent example of the therapeutic use of RNAs.
  • 650
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
SMAD4 Gene
SMAD family member 4
  • 377
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SMA-PME
Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy (SMA-PME) is a neurological condition that causes muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) and a combination of seizures and uncontrollable muscle jerks (myoclonic epilepsy).  
  • 616
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SMA-LED
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMA-LED) is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting (atrophy) in the lower limbs, most severely affecting the thigh muscles (quadriceps). (In SMA-LED, the "D" stands for dominant, which refers to the inheritance pattern of this condition.) The loss of nerve cells that control muscle movement (motor neurons) leads to atrophy of the muscles in the lower limbs. Affected individuals often have a waddling or unsteady walk and walk on the balls of their feet. They may have difficulty rising from a seated position and climbing stairs. Some people with SMA-LED also have weakness in upper limb muscles. Joint deformities (contractures) in the hips, knees, feet, and ankles can occur in SMA-LED, and in severe cases are present from birth and can impair walking. Some individuals with this disorder have rigidity of joints (arthrogryposis) in their shoulders, elbows, and hands. In most people with SMA-LED, the muscle problems are apparent in infancy or early childhood; however, about one-quarter of affected individuals do not develop muscle weakness until adulthood. The muscle weakness and related health problems typically do not worsen over time.
  • 704
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SLURP1 Gene
secreted LY6/PLAUR domain containing 1
  • 426
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SLU7 in Human Disease
SLU7 (Splicing factor synergistic lethal with U5 snRNA 7) was first identified as a splicing factor necessary for the correct selection of 3′ splice sites, strongly impacting on the diversity of gene transcripts in a cell. More recent studies have uncovered new and non-redundant roles of SLU7 as an integrative hub of different levels of gene expression regulation, including epigenetic DNA remodeling, modulation of transcription and protein stability.
  • 477
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SlPG49 in Solanum lycopersicum
The modification and degradation of pectin in cell walls are necessary for the fruit softening process, which involves a series of pectin-modifying enzymes. Polygalacturonases (PGs) are a major group of pectin-hydrolyzing enzymes, which participate in fruit maturation, organ shedding, pollen development, and other processes by catalyzing the degradation of polygalacturonic acid. However, their function in plants has not yet been fully elucidated. In this paper, a full-length cDNA encoding SlPG49 was cloned from a tomato. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SlPG49 contains four typical conserved domains and belongs to clade E in PG classification. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that SlPG49 was highly expressed in fruits during the softening stage, indicating that SlPG49 may be involved in fruit softening. Subcellular localization results revealed that SlPG49 was located in the cell membrane and the cell wall. In addition, an in vitro enzymatic activity assay confirmed that SlPG49 does have the ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acid. These results indicate that SlPG49 is a newly discovered PG gene involved in tomato fruit softening, and provide an experimental basis for elucidating the biological functions of plant PGs during fruit softening. 
  • 352
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Slow-Release Urea
Slow-release urea (SRU) is a coated non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source for ruminant nutrition. This study applied a meta-analytic technique to quantify the effect of a commercial SRU (Optigen®, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) on the performance of beef cattle. Data were extracted from 17 experiments and analysed using the random-effects model to estimate the effect size of SRU on dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein intake (CPI), live weight gain (LWG) and feed efficiency (FE) of growing and finishing beef cattle. There was no effect of feeding SRU on the overall DMI and CPI of beef cattle. Dietary inclusion of SRU improved the overall LWG (+92 g/d/head) and FE (+12 g LWG/kg DMI/head) of beef cattle. Notably, SRU supplementation in growing cattle exhibited a better improvement on LWG (130 vs. 60 g/d/head) and FE (18 vs. 8 g LWG/kg DMI/head) compared with finishing cattle. Moreover, SRU showed consistent improvements on the LWG and FE of beef cattle under several study factors. Simulation analysis indicated that positive effects of SRU on LWG and FE improved profitability through reduction in feed cost and reduced the emission intensity of beef production. These results indicate that SRU is a sustainable NPN solution in beef cattle production.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sloth Bear
The Sloth Bear (Melursus ursinus) is a medium-sized bear species native to the Indian subcontinent. Recognized for its shaggy, coarse fur and distinctively long, curved claws, this primarily insectivorous mammal inhabits a variety of habitats, ranging from dry grasslands to dense forests. The Sloth Bear is characterized by its unique feeding behavior, often observed foraging for termites and ants with its specialized lips and powerful claws, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance through its impact on insect populations.
  • 429
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SLO3
Sperm cells must undergo a complex maturation process after ejaculation to be able to fertilize an egg. One component of this maturation is hyperpolarization of the membrane potential to a more negative value. The ion channel responsible for this hyperpolarization, SLO3, was first cloned in 1998, and since then much progress has been made to determine how the channel is regulated and how its function intertwines with various signaling pathways involved in sperm maturation. 
  • 329
  • 17 Jul 2023
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