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Soil as a Source of Fungi Pathogenic for Public Health
Soil is an environment for huge diversity of fungi, which fulfill various tasks and support the maintaining of soil health. At the same time, varieties of soil fungal species, which produce numerous airborne spores and a range of mycotoxins, are known to be pathogenic for human health. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge on soil fungi causing public health problems, including dermatoses, allergies, pulmonary diseases, wound infections, infections of the central nervous system, etc.
  • 748
  • 26 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Software for Mass Spectrometry-based Lipidomics
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a state-of-the-art analytical technology, which enables the rapid and consistent identification and quantification of lipids in lipidomics, metabolites in metabolomics and proteins in proteomics for biomedical and biochemical research purposes.
  • 912
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors
Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) tested the efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors to specifically treat nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We systematically searched three large electronic databases (up to 31 October 2020) for identifying placebo-controlled or active-controlled RCTs that used different SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ipragliflozin or canagliflozin) for treatment of NAFLD.
  • 507
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors are a new class of antihyperglycaemic drugs that act on the proximal tubules of the kidney. They have shown efficacy in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2 and their cardiovascular and renal safety have been extensively investigated and confirmed in clinical trials. However, inter-individual differences in response to treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors may present in everyday clinical practice, and good predictors of glycemic response and the risk for adverse events in an individual patient are lacking.
  • 372
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors on Diuretic Resistance in HF
Heart failure (HF) is a chronic disorder of the cardiovascular (CV) system and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are beneficial for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or established cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly HF, by reducing CVD-related morbidity and mortality.
  • 169
  • 26 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors facilitate urine glucose excretion by reducing glucose reabsorption, leading to ameliorate glycemic control. While the main characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus are insufficient insulin secretion and insulin resistance, SGLT2 inhibitors have some favorable effects on pancreatic β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. SGLT2 inhibitors ameliorate fatty liver and reduce visceral fat mass.
  • 760
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Sodium Intake induece Cardiovascular damages
Sodium (Na+), contained in dietary salt, is essential for human homeostasis. For millions of years, our ancestors ate less than 0.25 g of salt per day, while the current average daily consumption approaches 10 g in most countries. Such an increase over a comparatively modest time span imposes a significant physiological challenge in evolutionary terms.
  • 438
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are effective antihyperglycemic agents by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule of the kidney. 
  • 2.2K
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor
Obesity is supposed to cause renal injury via autophagy deficiency. Recently, sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) were reported to protect renal injury. However, the mechanisms of SGLT2i for renal protection are unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of SGLT2i for autophagy in renal proximal tubular cells (PTCs) on obesity mice. We fed C57BL/6J mice with a normal diet (ND) or high-fat and -sugar diet (HFSD) for nine weeks, then administered SGLT2i, empagliflozin, or control compound for one week. Each group contained N = 5. The urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase level in the HFSD group significantly increased compared to ND group. The tubular damage was suppressed in the SGLT2i–HFSD group. In electron microscopic analysis, multi lamellar bodies that increased in autophagy deficiency were increased in PTCs in the HFSD group but significantly suppressed in the SGLT2i group. The autophagosomes of damaged mitochondria in PTCs in the HFSD group frequently appeared in the SGLT2i group. p62 accumulations in PTCs were significantly increased in HFSD group but significantly suppressed by SGLT2i. In addition, the mammalian target of rapamycin was activated in the HFSD group but significantly suppressed in SGLT2i group. These data suggest that SGLT2i has renal protective effects against obesity via improving autophagy flux impairment in PTCs on a HFSD.
  • 759
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Sodium Channels in Action Potentials Initiation
Living organisms react to external stimuli to adapt their activity to the environment for survival. Acquired information is encoded by neurons by action potentials (APs) in a series of discrete electrical events. Rapid initiation of the AP is critical for fast reactions and strongly relies on voltage-activated Na+-selective channels (NaVs), which are widely expressed by both invertebrate and vertebrate neurons.
  • 661
  • 02 Sep 2022
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