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Topic Review
Chitin and Chitosan in Ruminant Diets
The slow progress in the development of the subsector, particularly of alternative feed sources such as agro-industrial byproducts and unconventional feed resources, has deepened the gap in the availability of and accessibility to animal feed. Production of animal feed is highly resource demanding. It has been shown that increasing climate change, land degradation, and the recurrence of droughts have worsened the feed gap. In the backdrop of these challenges, there has been attention to food-not-feed components, which have great potential to substitute human-edible components in livestock feeding. Chitosan, a non-toxic polyglucosamine, is widely distributed in nature and used as a feed additive. Chitosan is obtained from the de-acetylation process of the chitin and is mostly present in shrimp, crabs, and insect exoskeletons, and has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, antitumor, and immune-stimulatory hypo-cholesterolemic properties.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cyclosporine A-Implants in Veterinary Ophthalmology
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a selective and reversible immunosuppressant agent that is widely used as a medication for a wide spectrum of diseases in humans such as graft versus host disease, non-infectious uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, the CsA is used to treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca, chronic superficial keratitis, immune-mediated keratitis and equine recurrent uveitis in animals. The selective activity of Cyclosporine A (CsA) was demonstrated to be an immunomodulation characteristic of T-lymphocyte proliferation and inhibits cytokine gene expression. Moreover, the lipophilic characteristics with poor bioavailability and low solubility in water, besides the side effects, force the need to develop new formulations and devices that will provide adequate penetration into the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. 
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microbial L-asparaginase Application in Food
L-asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1) hydrolyzes L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, which has been widely applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Microbes have advantages for L-asparaginase production, and there are several commercially available forms of L-asparaginase, all of which are derived from microbes. Generally, L-asparaginase has an optimum pH range of 5.0–9.0 and an optimum temperature of between 30 and 60 °C. However, the optimum temperature of L-asparaginase from hyperthermophilic archaea is considerable higher (between 85 and 100 °C). The native properties of the enzymes can be enhanced by using immobilization techniques. The stability and recyclability of immobilized enzymes makes them more suitable for food applications. 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Atrial and Intestinal Dysrhythmia
Chronic atrial and intestinal dysrhythmia (CAID) is a disorder affecting the heart and the digestive system.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Wheat Gluten (Food)
Wheat gluten is a food made from gluten, the main protein of wheat. It is made by washing wheat flour dough with water until all the starch granules have been removed, leaving the sticky insoluble gluten as an elastic mass, which is then cooked before being eaten. The name seitan (UK: /ˈseɪtæn/, US: /-tɑːn/; Japanese: セイタン) is now widely used in vegetarian, vegan, wholefood and macrobiotic circles for wheat gluten dishes. It is also known as miàn jīn (Chinese: 面筋), milgogi (Korean: 밀고기), wheat meat, gluten meat, vital wheat gluten or simply gluten. Wheat gluten is an alternative to soybean-based foods such as tofu, which are sometimes used as meat analogue. Some types of wheat gluten have a chewy or stringy texture that resembles meat more than other substitutes. Wheat gluten is often used instead of meat in Asian, vegetarian, Buddhist, and macrobiotic cuisines. Mock duck is a common use for wheat. Wheat gluten first appeared during the 6th century as an ingredient for Chinese noodles. It has historically been popular in the cuisines of China, Japan and other East and Southeast Asian nations. In Asia, it is commonly found on the menus of restaurants catering primarily to Buddhist customers who do not eat meat.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Agriculture
Artificial intelligence (AI) involves the development of algorithms and computational models that enable machines to process and analyze large amounts of data, identify patterns and relationships, and make predictions or decisions based on that analysis. AI has become increasingly pervasive across a wide range of industries and sectors, with healthcare, finance, transportation, manufacturing, retail, education, and agriculture are a few examples to mention. As AI technology continues to advance, it is expected to have an even greater impact on industries in the future. For instance, AI is being increasingly used in the agri-food sector to improve productivity, efficiency, and sustainability.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Horseradish Breeding
Horseradish cultivars are highly heterozygous clones and are maintained through asexual propagation, using root cuttings.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Bioinformatics in Plant Breeding and Disease Resistance
In the context of plant breeding, bioinformatics can empower genetic and genomic selection to determine the optimal combination of genotypes that will produce a desired phenotype and help expedite the isolation of these new varieties. Bioinformatics is also instrumental in collecting and processing plant phenotypes, which facilitates plant breeding. Robots that use automated and digital technologies to collect and analyze different types of information to monitor the environment in which plants grow, analyze the environmental stresses they face, and promptly optimize suboptimal and adverse growth conditions accordingly, have helped plant research and saved human resources.
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Variations in Fruit Trees
Fruit trees provide essential nutrients to humans by contributing to major agricultural outputs and economic growth globally. However, major constraints to sustainable agricultural productivity are the uncontrolled proliferation of the population, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Tree mutation breeding has been substantially improved using different physical and chemical mutagens.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Advances of Microneedles in Biomedical Applications
A microneedle (MN) is a painless and minimally invasive drug delivery device initially developed in 1976. As microneedle technology evolves, microneedles with different shapes (cone and pyramid) and forms (solid, drug-coated, hollow, dissolvable and hydrogel-based microneedles) have been developed. 
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Oct 2021
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