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Topic Review
Source-To-Sink Transport of Sugar During Male Reproductive Development
Sucrose is produced in leaf mesophyll cells via photosynthesis and exported to non-photosynthetic sink tissues through the phloem. The molecular basis of source-to-sink long-distance transport in cereal crop plants is of importance due to its direct influence on grain yield—pollen grains, essential for male fertility, are filled with sugary starch, and rely on long-distance sugar transport from source leaves. 
  • 611
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Source and Structure of Exopolysaccharides
Marine microorganisms, as important members of marine organisms, can produce numerous specific active substances in an extreme environment in low temperature, high salt, high pressure, and oligotrophic conditions. They have gained scientific interest due to their potential applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, for environmental remediation, and astrobiology. The monosaccharide composition, high molecular weight, hydrophobicity and polycharged characteristics of marine Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are involved in their cryoprotective effect, water-holding capacity, and good thermostability. The source and structure  of exopolysaccharides are summarized. 
  • 822
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Source and Application of Melanin
Melanin is a biological pigment formed by indoles and phenolic compounds. It is widely found in living organisms and has a variety of unique properties. Due to its diverse characteristics and good biocompatibility, melanin has become the focus in the fields of biomedicine, agriculture, the food industry, etc.
  • 999
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sotos Syndrome
Sotos syndrome is a disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, overgrowth in childhood, and learning disabilities or delayed development of mental and movement abilities. Characteristic facial features include a long, narrow face; a high forehead; flushed (reddened) cheeks; and a small, pointed chin. In addition, the outside corners of the eyes may point downward (down-slanting palpebral fissures). This facial appearance is most notable in early childhood. Affected infants and children tend to grow quickly; they are significantly taller than their siblings and peers and have an unusually large head. However, adult height is usually in the normal range.
  • 458
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SOST-Related Sclerosing Bone Dysplasia
SOST-related sclerosing bone dysplasia is a disorder of bone development characterized by excessive bone formation (hyperostosis).
  • 478
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SOS1 Gene
SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1
  • 527
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SOS Family and Ras-GEFs
The SOS family of Ras-GEFs encompasses two highly homologous and widely expressed members, SOS1 and SOS2. Despite their similar structures and expression patterns, early studies of constitutive KO mice showing that SOS1-KO mutants were embryonic lethal while SOS2-KO mice were viable led to initially viewing SOS1 as the main Ras-GEF linking external stimuli to downstream RAS signaling, while obviating the functional significance of SOS2. Subsequently, different genetic and/or pharmacological ablation tools defined more precisely the functional specificity/redundancy of the SOS1/2 GEFs.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sortilin/Neurotensin Receptor-3 in Cancer
The multifunctional role of sortilin in cancers development The development of cancerous tumors is known to be the consequence of the overexpression of growth factors. Unfortunately, when treated with radiotherapy or chemical therapy, some tumors can metastasize as a result of the weakening of cancer cell–cell interactions in the tumor tissue, leading to the dissemination of cancer cells in the circulation. Both mechanisms of cancer growth and metastasis are regulated by a large panel of circulating activators from several neuropeptides to membrane-bound factors released by matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-dependent shedding, such as Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) ligands. One of the most studied neuropeptides involved in cancer progression is neurotensin (NTS), the three known receptors of which (two G-protein coupled receptors, NTSR1 and NTSR2, and a type I receptor, NTSR3) are expressed in numerous cancers and particularly in digestive cancers. Interestingly, NTSR3, also previously identified as Sortilin, is shed from the plasma membrane, leading to the release of a soluble form of sortilin (sSortilin). However, growing evidence indicates the emerging role of membrane-bound Sortilin/NTSR3 and its soluble counterpart in cancer cell proliferation and dissemination.
  • 623
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sorghum Flour Application in Flat Breads
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is a grass belonging to the Andropogoneae tribe of the Poaceae family (alt. Gramineae) and is among the top five cereals in the total world production after wheat, maize, rice, and barley. Sorghum is a warm season cereal with a C4 photosynthetic pathway. Sorghum flour has been used in bread, especially in flat breads such as roti, injera, and kisra. Since sorghum proteins lack the unique functional properties of wheat proteins in terms of viscoelastic dough formation, sorghum flour has been used in flat breads for many years.
  • 748
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sorghum and Western Style Breads
Due to the extreme weather conditions, caused by the climate change, the usual wheat harvest yield and quality in the Western countries were difficult to maintain in the past few years. The altered wheat quality was primarily characterized by a rising protein content. The application of high protein wheat flours in baking products leads to baking difficulties due to its elastic dough behavior. As these issues will further face the Western cereal cultivation, heat resistant cereals, like sorghum, are attracting increasing interest. A partial substitution of wheat with sorghum might offer one possible solution to address the current challenging situation. To introduce sorghum in the Western cereal and baking industry, the grain and its unique chemical and rheological properties need to be more widely promoted. Until now, several authors have conducted studies in order to emphasize the high potential of sorghum. The aim of the present review is to broaden the current knowledge of the chemical, rheological and baking properties of sorghum in comparison to wheat.
  • 607
  • 06 Jul 2021
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