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Topic Review
Sperm Cryopreservation in Ruminant Species
Sperm cryopreservation is a powerful tool to preserve threatened animal species or for livestock breeding. However, this process is not free of disadvantages. Thus, during the cryopreservation process a significant amount of sperm suffers considerable cryodamage, which may affect sperm quality and fertility. Recently, the use of different “omics” technologies in sperm cryobiology, especially proteomics studies, has led to a better understanding of the molecular modifications induced by sperm cryopreservation, facilitating the identification of different freezability biomarkers and certain proteins that can be added before cryopreservation to enhance sperm cryosurvival. This entry provides an updated overview of the molecular mechanism involved in sperm cryodamage, as well as the molecular aspects of those novel strategies that have been developed to reduce sperm cryodamage, including  including new cryoprotectants, antioxidants, proteins, nanoparticles and vitrification.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Spent Mushroom Substrate for Enhanced Agricultural Sustainability
As the mushroom industry advances, it yields a consequential by-product known as spent mushroom substrate (SMS). Comprising residual fungal mycelium, lignocellulosic biomass, and enzymes, SMS has garnered significant attention as a substantial waste product.
  • 472
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Speed Breeding for Crop Improvement and Food Security
Amid a rapidly growing global population and increasing threats to crop yields, Speed Breeding (SB) in crop genetics is focused. It traces SB’s development from carbon arc lamp experiments 150 years ago to its modern use with LED technology which significantly accelerates breeding cycles. SB has applications in genetic mapping, genetic modification, and trait stacking, enhancing crop resilience by leveraging allelic diversity. It aligns well with breeding methods like single plant selection and single seed descent. The integration of SB with gene editing, genotyping, and genomic selection holds great promise.
  • 444
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
SPEECHLESS, MUTE and FAMA
Stomatal density, spacing, and patterning greatly influence the efficiency of gas exchange, photosynthesis, and water economy. They are regulated by a complex of extracellular and intracellular factors through the signaling pathways. After binding the extracellular epidermal patterning factor 1 (EPF1) and 2 (EPF2) as ligands, the receptor-ligand complexes activate by phosphorylation through the MAP-kinase cascades, regulating basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors SPEECHLESS (SPCH), MUTE, and FAMA.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Speech and Craniofacial Development
Speech is a communication method found only in humans that relies on precisely articulated sounds to encode and express thoughts. Anatomical differences in the maxilla, mandible, tooth position, and vocal tract affect tongue placement and broadly influence the patterns of airflow and resonance during speech production. Alterations in these structures can create perceptual distortions in speech known as speech sound disorders (SSDs). As craniofacial development occurs, the vocal tract, jaws, and teeth change in parallel with stages of speech development, from babbling to adult phonation. Alterations from a normal Class 1 dental and skeletal relationship can impact speech. Dentofacial disharmony (DFD) patients have jaw disproportions, with a high prevalence of SSDs, where the severity of malocclusion correlates with the degree of speech distortion.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Spectro-Fluor™ Technology
Spectro-Fluor technology is an unique, innovative as well as a versatile and green spectroscopic method that allows to detect very sensitively, specifically and rapidly C-F bonds in any solutions, gas, materials, organisms (e.g. human/animal cells, bacteria, virus, fungi, body tissues) and molecules (e.g. drugs, polymers, nano and smaller molecules).
  • 713
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Spectral Quality of Light and In Vitro Proliferation
The spectral quality of light significantly influences the shoot biological response. Since plant photoreceptors responsible for plant development and photosynthesis are known to be primarily and most significantly stimulated by red (RL) and blue (BL) regions of the light spectrum, most of the studies evaluated the impact of monochromatic RL (660 nm), BL (460 nm) and combined BL (440–480 nm) with RL (630–665 nm) lights. Scarce is the information available on the effects of the far-red (FRL), green (GL) and yellow (YL) regions of the spectrum. For each light spectrum, the evaluated effects concern the proliferation rate and characters related to development, morphology and plantlet quality, i.e., shoot length, fresh and dry weight and photosynthetic pigment accumulation. In fact, the light treatments yielding higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents (relevant components of the light-harvesting antenna of photosystems) are generally linked with improved fresh and dry matter accumulation and shoot growth.
  • 483
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Spectacled Bear
The Spectacled Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is a distinctive and elusive species native to the Andean region of South America. Renowned for the distinctive facial markings resembling spectacles, this bear is the only surviving bear species in South America and is well-adapted to the diverse habitats of its range, including montane forests, cloud forests, and páramo grasslands. Despite being the smallest bear species in South America, the Spectacled Bear holds significant cultural and ecological importance as a top predator and seed disperser in its high-altitude habitats.
  • 343
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Species Problem
The species problem is the set of questions that arises when biologists attempt to define what a species is. Such a definition is called a species concept; there are at least 26 recognized species concepts. A species concept that works well for sexually reproducing organisms such as birds is useless for species that reproduce asexually, such as bacteria. The scientific study of the species problem has been called microtaxonomy. One common, but sometimes difficult, question is how best to decide which species an organism belongs to, because reproductively isolated groups may not be readily recognizable, and cryptic species may be present. There is a continuum from reproductive isolation with no interbreeding, to panmixis, unlimited interbreeding. Populations can move forward or backwards along this continuum, at any point meeting the criteria for one or another species concept, and failing others. Many of the debates on species touch on philosophical issues, such as nominalism and realism, and on issues of language and cognition. The current meaning of the phrase "species problem" is quite different from what Charles Darwin and others meant by it during the 19th and early 20th centuries. For Darwin, the species problem was the question of how new species arose. Darwin was however one of the first people to question how well-defined species are, given that they constantly change.
  • 3.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Species of Gut Bacteria Associated with Antitumor Immunity
Both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the modulation of gut microbiota could be a promising strategy for enhancing antitumor immune responses and reducing resistance to immunotherapy in cancer. Various mechanisms, including activation of pattern recognition receptors, gut commensals-produced metabolites and antigen mimicry, have been revealed. Different gut microbiota modulation strategies have been raised, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, and dietary selection.
  • 476
  • 02 Dec 2022
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