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Topic Review
Role of NAD+ in Regulating Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a multifactorial systemic inflammatory immune response. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a co-enzyme involved in cell signaling and energy metabolism. Calcium homeostasis, gene transcription, DNA repair, and cell communication involve NAD+ and its degradation products. In the case of IBD, the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis relies on a delicate balance between NAD+ biosynthesis and consumption.
  • 910
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Phenotypic Plasticity—Animals Adjusting to Environmental Conditions
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy or their counterparts, hypoplasia and hypotrophy, are elements of adjusting organ size and function in animals according to needs under altered environmental conditions. As such processes are costly in terms of energy and biomaterials, it is assumed that they are beneficial for the survival of the individual. The ability of animals to perform such adjustments and their limitations in scope are considered to be adaptive genetic traits which enable individual animals to survive regularly occurring changes in environmental conditions in their habitats as long as such changes stay within critical limits. The restructuring of mono-functional glands in ducklings which serve the animals to get rid of excess amounts of ingested salt from the body is presented as an example of complex plastic changes in organ structure. Phenotypic adjustments in these salt glands encompass processes which are reversible when environmental conditions switch back to the original state (‘phenotypic elasticity’) as well as irreversible ones (‘phenotypic plasticity’ in the narrow sense). As more information on genomes or transcriptomes of non-model animal species becomes available these days, researchers will better understand the biological significance of such phenotypic adjustments in animals in their natural environments and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
  • 458
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Purslane Polysaccharides
Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. Notably, polysaccharides obtained from purslane exhibit surprising and satisfactory biological activities. Purslane polysaccharides are an important material base component for purslane to play pharmacological and health functions. They are widely used and involve many fields. 
  • 451
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cymbidium Orchids
Cymbidium is an economically important genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae) that has a pronounced medicinal and ornamental value. Medicinally, the plant is employed as a tonic to treat weakness in chronic diseases, dizziness, eye problems, burns, and wounds, etc. Cymbidiums are highly prized for their graceful flowers and sweet fragrance and are among the top ten most popular cut flowers. They are one of the most important commercial orchid groups and account for 3% of cut flowers in floriculture. Some orchid species in this genus are particularly threatened by excessive harvesting, so conservation measures are needed.
  • 762
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of the novel highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2), viral infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and, in severe cases, can even be lethal. Behind the inflammatory process lies the so-called cytokine storm (CS), which activates various inflammatory cytokines that damage numerous organ tissues.
  • 296
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
European Mouflon on Vegetation
The mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) is an introduced ungulate in continental Europe. It has adapted well to its occupied habitats over the last 150 years. Its growing population has drawn increasing attention to its impact on autochthonous species, especially in endangered ecosystems. Its allochthonous character, habitat selection, and feeding led scientists to question the raison d’etre of mouflons. The mouflon’s space use and foraging strategies highlighted some pressure elements it exerts on those habitats. Mouflon trampling damage may be behind the degradation of rare, endangered grasslands.
  • 567
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biodiversity during Pre and Post Hula Valley Drainage
Ecosystem fertility is dependent on nutrient and water availability which are the drivers of the system of production. The anthropogenic and natural maintenance of ecosystem products such as biodiversity, species richness, agriculture, recreation or eco-tourism is significantly affected by management. The appropriate management might be natural, without human intervention, or anthropogenic, or a combination of both. The management of the Hula Valley, a part of the Lake Kinneret drainage basin, represents an integration of human and natural dependence.
  • 316
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma in the HIV Setting
Despite the widespread use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the subsequent decrease in AIDS-defining cancers, HIV-related lymphomas remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with HIV (PWH). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) subtype in PWH. This lymphoma is a heterogeneous disease including morphological variants and molecular subtypes according to the cell of origin or the mutation profile.
  • 431
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Axon Guidance
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), a broad family of polypeptide growth factors, were originally isolated and purified from the pituitary gland of bovines. FGF and FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling pathways play important roles in axon guidance as axons navigate toward their synaptic targets.
  • 463
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation and Regulation
As one of the most important components of the innate immune system, neutrophils are always at the forefront of the response to diseases. The immune functions of neutrophils include phagocytosis, degranulation, production of reactive oxygen species, and the production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs are composed of deconcentrated chromatin DNA, histones, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE), playing an important role in the resistance to some pathogenic microbial invasions.
  • 582
  • 25 Jun 2023
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