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Topic Review
Sprouted Grains
“Sprouted grains” are defined by the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) with the endorsement of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as follows: “malted or sprouted grains containing all of the original bran, germ, and endosperm shall be considered whole grains as long as sprout growth does not exceed kernel length and nutrient values have not diminished. These grains should be labelled as malted or sprouted whole grain”.
  • 809
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Spring Wheat Genetic Resources in Siberia
Spring wheat is an important crop in Russia, with an annual cropping area of 11–12 Mha. The main spring wheat-production belt stretches from the mid-Volga region across the southern Ural mountains to Western Siberia. This is a short-season crop grown from May to August in an extensive, rainfed cropping system dominated by cereals, and occasionally rotated with oilseed and legume crops. 
  • 513
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Spring Wheat
Spring wheat as durum or bread wheat is grown worldwide in mega-environments (ME; 1-6) at latitudes <40 degree during the winter or early spring season and flower in short days with relatively little vernalization requirement. Based on protein contents, kernel color and hardness of endosperm, spring wheat is classified into hard red, soft white and hard white spring with high baking quality.  
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SPR Gene
sepiapterin reductase
  • 441
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Spotted Skunk
The genus Spilogale includes all skunks commonly known as spotted skunks and is composed of four extant species: S. gracilis, S. putorius, S. pygmaea, and S. angustifrons.
  • 638
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Spotted Hyena
The Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is a highly social carnivore native to sub-Saharan Africa, distinguished by its distinctive spotted coat, powerful build, and unique vocalizations. Renowned for its strength and adaptability, the Spotted Hyena is one of Africa's most successful predators, utilizing its keen sense of smell, strong jaws, and endurance to hunt a wide range of prey, from small mammals to large ungulates. Despite misconceptions about its scavenging habits, the Spotted Hyena is an efficient hunter, capable of taking down prey much larger than itself through coordinated group hunting tactics.
  • 576
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Spore-Forming Probiotics for Poultry
One of the main problems in the poultry industry is the search for a viable replacement for antibiotic growth promoters. This issue requires a “one health” approach because the uncontrolled use of antibiotics in poultry can lead to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which is a concern not only in animals, but for humans as well. One of the promising ways to overcome this challenge is found in probiotics due to their wide range of features and mechanisms of action for health promotion. Moreover, spore-forming probiotics are suitable for use in the poultry industry because of their unique ability, encapsulation, granting them protection from the harshest conditions and resulting in improved availability for hosts’ organisms. 
  • 844
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine
Sporadic hemiplegic migraine is a rare form of migraine headache. Migraines typically cause intense, throbbing pain in one area of the head. Some people with migraines also experience nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. These recurrent headaches typically begin in childhood or adolescence and can be triggered by certain foods, emotional stress, and minor head trauma. Each headache may last from a few hours to a few days.
  • 484
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
A spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak (sCSF leak) is a cerebrospinal fluid leak – a leak of cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord from the protective dural sac for no apparent reason. The dura mater is the tough, outermost of layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. A spontaneous CSF leak, arises idiopathically, and is opposed to traumatically caused CSF leaks. It is one of several types of cerebrospinal fluid leaks caused by one or more holes in the dura. A loss of CSF greater than its rate of production leads to a decreased volume inside the skull known as intracranial hypotension. Any CSF leak is most often characterized by orthostatic headaches, which worsen when standing, and improve when lying down. Other symptoms can include neck pain or stiffness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, and a metallic taste in the mouth. A CT scan can identify the site of a cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Once identified, the leak can often be repaired by an epidural blood patch, an injection of the patient's own blood at the site of the leak, a fibrin glue injection, or surgery. The set of symptoms associated with a sCSF leak is referred to as a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak syndrome (SCSFLS). A sCSF leak is rare, affecting five out of every 100,000 people. On average, the condition develops at age 42, and women are twice as likely to be affected. Some people with a sCSF leak have a chronic leak of cerebrospinal fluid despite repeated patching attempts, leading to long-term disability due to pain. SCSFLS was first described by German neurologist Georg Schaltenbrand in 1938 and by American neurologist Henry Woltman of the Mayo Clinic in the 1950s.
  • 423
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Spontaneous Breathing in COVID-19 Patients
The mechanisms of acute respiratory failure other than inflammation and complicating the SARS-CoV-2 infection are still far from being fully understood, thus challenging the management of COVID-19 patients in the critical care setting. In this unforeseen scenario, the role of an indi-vidual’s excessive spontaneous breathing may acquire critical importance, being one potential and important driver of lung injury and disease progression.
  • 516
  • 09 Mar 2021
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