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Topic Review
Lectins as Toxins from Marine Animals
Due to their remarkable structural diversity, glycans play important roles as recognition molecules on cell surfaces of living organisms. Carbohydrates exist in numerous isomeric forms and can adopt diverse structures through various branching patterns. Despite their relatively small molecular weights, they exhibit extensive structural diversity. On the other hand, lectins, also known as carbohydrate-binding proteins, not only recognize and bind to the diverse structures of glycans but also induce various biological reactions based on structural differences. Initially discovered as hemagglutinins in plant seeds, lectins have been found to play significant roles in cell recognition processes in higher vertebrates. 
  • 347
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Beef-on-Dairy at the Animal Level
The decline in farm revenue due to volatile milk prices has led to an increase in the use of beef semen in dairy herds. While this strategy (“Beef-on-dairy” (BoD)) can have economic benefits, it can also lead to unintended consequences affecting animal welfare. Semen sale trends from breeding organizations depict increasing sales of beef semen across the globe. Calves born from such breeding strategies can perform better when compared to purebred dairy calves, especially in terms of meat quality and growth traits. The Beef-on-dairy strategy can lead to unintentional negative impacts including an increase in gestation length, and increased dystocia and stillbirth rates. Studies in this regard have found the highest gestation length for Limousin crossbred calves followed by calves from the Angus breed.
  • 267
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Amyloid-like Aggregation as Common Cause of Diseases
Amyloids were conventionally referred to as extracellular and intracellular accumulation of Aβ42 peptide, which causes the formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles inside the brain leading to the pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease. Subsequently, amyloid-like deposition was found in the etiology of prion diseases, Parkinson’s disease, type II diabetes, and cancer, which was attributed to the aggregation of prion protein, α-Synuclein, islet amyloid polypeptide protein, and p53 protein, respectively. Hence, traditionally amyloids were considered aggregates formed exclusively by proteins or peptides. However, since the last decade, it has been discovered that other metabolites, like single amino acids, nucleobases, lipids, glucose derivatives, etc., have a propensity to form amyloid-like toxic assemblies. Several studies suggest direct implications of these metabolite assemblies in the patho-physiology of various inborn errors of metabolisms like phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, cystinuria, and Gaucher’s disease, to name a few. 
  • 424
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Gene Therapy Approaches for the Hemophilia B
In contrast to the standard enzyme-replacement therapy, administered from once per 7–14 days to 2–3 times a week in patients with severe hemophilia B, as a result of a single injection, gene therapy can restore F9 gene expression and maintain it for a prolonged time. In clinical research, the approach of delivering a functional copy of a gene using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is widely used. The scientific community is actively researching possible modifications to improve delivery efficiency and expression. In preclinical studies, the possibility of genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the treatment of hemophilia B is also being actively studied.
  • 321
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Intracellular Antibodies for Drugs and Drug Discovery
The application of antibodies in cells was first shown in the early 1990s, and subsequently, the field of intracellular antibodies has expanded to encompass antibody fragments and their use in target validation and as engineered molecules that can be fused to moieties (referred to as warheads) to replace the Fc effector region of a whole immunoglobulin to elicit intracellular responses, such as cell death pathways or protein degradation. These various forms of intracellular antibodies have largely been used as research tools to investigate function within cells by perturbing protein activity. New applications of such molecules are on the horizon, namely their use as drugs per se and as templates for small-molecule drug discovery. The former is a potential new pharmacology that could harness the power and flexibility of molecular biology to generate new classes of drugs (herein referred to as macrodrugs when used in the context of disease control). Delivery of engineered intracellular antibodies, and other antigen-binding macromolecules formats, into cells to produce a therapeutic effect could be applied to any therapeutic area where regulation, degradation or other kinds of manipulation of target proteins can produce a therapeutic effect.
  • 290
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Building Atomistic Models of Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers
The compositional asymmetry of biological membranes has attracted significant attention over the last decade. Harboring more differences from symmetric membranes than previously appreciated, asymmetric bilayers have proven quite challenging to study with familiar concepts and techniques, leaving many unanswered questions about the reach of the asymmetry effects. One particular area of active research is the computational investigation of composition- and number-asymmetric lipid bilayers with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
  • 344
  • 12 Jul 2023
Biography
Jean Cruveilhier
J. Cruveilhier was born on 9 February 1791 in Limoges, France [1]. For two centuries, the members of the Cruveilhier family were born and buried in Limoges. His grandfather Joseph (1726–1762) was a master surgeon and his father Léonard (1760–1836) was an important military surgeon, an attending surgeon at l’Hôpital Saint-Alexis in Limoges, and also a revolutionary Jacobin fanatic [2]. Hi
  • 501
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), classically regarded as the mediator of the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy syndrome, is a polyhormone that undergoes proteolytic processing into smaller bioactive forms. These bioactive forms comprise an N-terminal-as well as midregion-and C-terminal peptides, which have been shown to regulate various biological events, such as survival, proliferation and differentiation, in diverse cell model systems, both normal and pathological. 
  • 452
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Indigenous Moulds and Yeasts in Dry-Fermented Sausages
Dry-fermented meat products are consumed and appreciated over the world and constitute a source of proteins and microelements. Additionally, the environmental conditions at which these products are matured to allow the development of several microbial groups contribute to their transformation during the ripening process. These microorganisms can exert both negative and positive effects on dry-fermented meat products. On the one hand, they could spoil the product or produce mycotoxins herein. On the other hand, moulds and yeasts commonly found in these products are endowed with protective, proteolytic, lipolytic, antioxidant and probiotic activities that positively impact on the safety, sensory and functional properties of these meat products. 
  • 388
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cadmium-Associated Molecular Signatures in Cancer Cell Models
The exposure of cancer cells to cadmium and its compounds is often associated with the development of more malignant phenotypes, thereby contributing to the acceleration of tumor progression. It is known that cadmium is a transcriptional regulator that induces molecular reprogramming, and therefore the study of differentially expressed genes has enabled the identification and classification of molecular signatures inherent in human neoplastic cells upon cadmium exposure as useful biomarkers that are potentially transferable to clinical research. 
  • 330
  • 12 Jul 2023
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