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Topic Review
Structural Organization of Mutable Collagenous Tissue
Echinoderms (starfish, sea-urchins and their close relations) possess a unique type of collagenous tissue that is innervated by the motor nervous system and whose mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elastic stiffness, can be altered in a time frame of seconds. Intensive research on echinoderm ‘mutable collagenous tissue’ (MCT) began over 50 years ago, and over 20 years ago, MCT first inspired a biomimetic design. MCT, and sea-cucumber dermis in particular, is now a major source of ideas for the development of new mechanically adaptable materials and devices with applications in diverse areas including biomedical science, chemical engineering and robotics. 
  • 228
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Structural Neuroimaging Findings in Developmental Language Disorder
Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a heterogenous neurodevelopmental disorder that affects a child’s ability to comprehend and/or produce spoken and/or written language, yet it cannot be attributed to hearing loss or overt neurological damage. The link between brain development and language outcomes in children with DLD is unclear, and this lack of connection is apparent when reviewing the DLD neuroimaging literature. Over the past 50 years, there have been fewer than 60 neuroimaging studies (excluding EEG studies) with children diagnosed with DLD. The majority of these studies have focused on structural brain differences when compared to language-unimpaired (neurotypical) children or children with other neurodevelopmental language disorders, such as children diagnosed with ASD and concomitant language impairment. Though there are some consistencies differences in participant selection and inclusion, diagnostic criteria, methodology, and analyses used underlie the disparate findings to date. As such, comparing the results across studies and evaluating how structural brain abnormalities contribute to language impairment in children with DLD is challenging. Nonetheless, the researchers provide a general overview of structural neuroimaging findings in DLD and highlight consistent patterns of results.
  • 351
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Structural Glial–Neuronal Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Transfer
Glial–neuronal mitochondrial transfer is mediated via a number of active processes including the release of extracellular vesicles, the formation of tunnelling nanotubes, and potentially other mechanisms.
  • 720
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Structural Diversity of Simply Oxygenated Benzophenones
Naturally occurring benzophenones represent a relatively small group of plant metabolites with narrow distribution, mainly in members of Clusiaceae, Gentianaceae, Hypericaceae, Polygalaceae, Myrtaceae, etc.
  • 195
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Structural Diversity in the Plant Specialized Metabolome
The plant specialized metabolome consists of a multitude of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites, variable from species to species. The specialized metabolites play roles in the response to environmental changes and abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as in plant growth and development. At its basis, the specialized metabolism is built of four major pathways, each starting from a few distinct primary metabolism precursors, and leading to distinct basic carbon skeleton core structures: polyketides and fatty acid derivatives, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolics. Structural diversity in the specialized metabolism further expands exponentially with each subsequent modification of the core structure, decoration and conjugation. Series of subsequent conjugations among decorated specialized metabolites lead to the formation of polyglycosides and polyesters in rare cases of macromolecular weight. Many specialized metabolites are involved in redox reactions, and part of the structural diversity can also be attributed to follow-up reactions among oxidized structures, leading to the extremely diverse array of biflavonoids, (neo)lignans, oligolignols, proanthocyanidines and phlobaphenes, and derivatives of aromatically decorated compounds. 
  • 434
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Structural Class of ARS Inhibitors
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential enzymes that ligate amino acids to tRNAs and translate the genetic code during protein synthesis. Their function in pathogen-derived infectious diseases has been well established, which has led to the development of small molecule therapeutics. The applicability of ARS inhibitors for other human diseases, such as fibrosis, has recently been explored in the clinical setting. There are active studies to find small molecule therapeutics for cancers.
  • 827
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Structural Characterization of Allergens
Allergens are substances that cause abnormal immune responses and can originate from various sources. IgE-mediated allergies are one of the most common and severe types of allergies, affecting more than 20% of the population in Western countries. Allergens can be subdivided into a limited number of families based on their structure, but this does not necessarily indicate the origin or the route of administration of the allergen, nor is the molecular basis of allergenicity clearly understood. 
  • 249
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Structural Characteristics, Classification, and Nomenclature of Glycosphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a glycolipid subtype which plays vital roles in numerous biological processes, cell–cell interactions, as well as oncogenesis and ontogenesis. They are ubiquitous molecules found mostly in cell membranes.
  • 297
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Structural Changes in Albumen Quality during Storage Period
The egg storage environment influences the nutritional and functional properties of albumen. Changes in albumen quality during storage are characterized by various physical and chemical reactions that are affected by either an increase or a decrease in storage time and temperature. Changes in albumen structure indicate a decline in albumen quality during storage. Albumen traits, such as Haugh unit value (HU) value, albumen pH, and thick albumen height, are often used as indicators of albumen quality during storage and are influenced by storage conditions in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. These traits would invariably influence the albumen’s functional, rheological, and biological properties.
  • 878
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Structural Change in Agriculture
It is common sense that it needs social and economic perspectives to understand structural changes in agriculture. The current study asserts that, likewise, the integration of the farm level (micro), the sectoral level (meso), and the societal level (macro) are needed to gain insight into the system of agricultural structures.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Jul 2021
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