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Topic Review
Role of miR-124 in Cancer
MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression and is abundantly expressed in the brain and immune system. Dysregulated expression of miR-124 is associated with several cancer types, making it a potential therapeutic target in oncology.
  • 341
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Biosynthetic Gene Clusters for Production Secondary Metabolites
Filamentous fungi are one of the most important producers of secondary metabolites. Some of them can have a toxic effect on the human body, leading to diseases. On the other hand, they are widely used as pharmaceutically significant drugs, such as antibiotics, statins, and immunosuppressants. A single fungus species in response to various signals can produce 100 or more secondary metabolites. Such signaling is possible due to the coordinated regulation of several dozen biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which are mosaically localized in different regions of fungal chromosomes.
  • 398
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Involvement of Opioid Peptides in Cancer
Peptides mediate cancer progression favoring the mitogenesis, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, promoting metastasis and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and facilitating angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis. Tumor cells overexpress peptide receptors, crucial targets for developing specific treatments against cancer cells using peptide receptor antagonists and promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Opioids exert an antitumoral effect, whereas others promote tumor growth and metastasis. The involvement of opioid peptides in cancer; these peptides have enhanced the tumor growth induced by stress. MET and dynorphin (DYN) A are released from immune cells under inflammatory conditions, and the level of DYN in the cerebrospinal fluid increased in patients with cancer pain. The re-expression of the mu-opioid receptor gene in tumor cells increased the release of beta-endorphin (END) from these cells. Moreover, skin-derived beta-END mediates the fatigue induced by radiation therapy in cancer patients; plasma beta-END level augmented in rats receiving radiation but was reversed with naloxone. 
  • 308
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Based CTB-INS Oral Vaccines
Oral delivery of tissue-specific autoantigens may be helpful for the clinical prevention of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. However, the therapeutic potential has been restricted by the need for recurrent delivery of large amounts of autoantigen, and tolerance is often less successful in already sensitized hosts. These limitations were overcome by transporting chemically conjugated autoantigens for the induction of oral tolerance utilizing the nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB).  
  • 413
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Adenylosuccinate Lyase
Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL) is a homotetrameric enzyme exhibiting a dual catalytic role: the conversion of succinylaminoimidazolecarboxamide (SAICA)-ribotide (SAICAR) into AICA-ribotide (AICAR) (de novo purine synthesis pathway) and the formation of AMP from adenylosuccinate in the purine nucleotide cycle. ADSL deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, first described by Jaeken and Van den Berghe, caused by more than 150 different mutations (most of which missense), in the ADSL gene. In all cases, the mutations lead to an ADSL enzyme that retains some residual activity, possibly because a complete loss of activity is probably lethal in humans. The clinical presentation includes neurologic symptoms, namely intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, microcephaly, and seizures. Three different phenotypes have been reported on the basis of the age of onset and the severity of symptoms: the fatal neonatal form, presenting with hypokinesia, intractable seizures, and respiratory failure; the type I form presenting within the first months of life, characterized by severe psychomotor retardation, microcephaly, seizures, and autistic features; and the type II form, presenting within the first years of life, with moderate or slight psychomotor retardation]. Life expectation in ADSL deficiency is variable. The neonatal form may lead to early death, whereas onset in early childhood usually results in a stable course.
  • 496
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Aflatoxin Toxicity
Aflatoxin B1 is a secondary metabolite with a potentially devastating effect in causing liver damage in broiler chickens, and this is mainly facilitated through the generation of oxidative stress and malonaldehyde build-up. In the past few years, significant progress has been made in controlling the invasion of aflatoxins.
  • 273
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Agricultural Activities in the Lake Chad Region
Lake Chad is a strategic water resource shared by more than 40 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the 1960s, it served as a primary source of water for irrigation and fishing in the region, but the capacity of Lake Chad to supply water for irrigation plummeted by 90% at the beginning of the twenty-first century. With some initiatives taken by the neighboring countries, Lake Chad has recovered about 5% of its water volume in recent years.
  • 876
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Genome Editing for Improving Tolerance of Crop Plants
Genome editing aims to revolutionise plant breeding and could assist in safeguarding the global food supply. Plant genomes can be effectively modified using genome-editing technologies to enhance characteristics without introducing foreign DNA into the genome. Next-generation plant breeding will soon be defined by these exact breeding methods.  This method also has great potential for enhancing crops’ resistance to various abiotic stressors.
  • 298
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exercise Regulates Microglial Activation by Increasing Anti-Inflammatory Factors
Exercise impacts our body at multiple levels, including the central nervous system (CNS). In responding to exercise-related stress (e.g., hypoxia, heat, free radicals, etc.) and injuries, the body launches multiple endogenous protective and repair systems by altering gene expression and releasing a range of factors that prepare the body for the next challenge. Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can enhance brain function and attenuate neurodegeneration. Besides improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates multiple systems that are known to regulate neuroinflammation and glial activation. Activated microglia and several pro-inflammatory cytokines play active roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. 
  • 281
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Composition of Ripe Hass Avocado Pulp
Avocados (Persea americana) are a unique fruit that can provide health benefits when included in a healthy diet. As health care moves towards precision health and targeted therapies or preventative medicine, it is critical to understand foods and their dietary components. The nutritional composition and plant physiology of the Hass avocado is strikingly different from other fruits. The ripe fruit is rich in oleic acid, fiber, micronutrients (e.g., folate, vitamin K, copper, pantothenic acid), and various important phytochemicals, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and phytosterols.
  • 261
  • 17 Jul 2023
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