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Topic Review
Anthranilic Acid and Beyond
Anthranilic acid, a kynurenine metabolite produced by host and microbe alike, is a bioactive compound with potential systemic neurological effects. Though in the past much research has focused on the kynurenine pathway at large, the role of anthranilic acid in the gut–brain axis is emerging as an important piece of the puzzle. Anthranilic acid is a direct metabolic product of kynurenine digestion in humans and microbes and represents an alternate branch to two other immediate products (i.e., 3-hydroxykynurenine and kynurenic acid). Kynurenine is hydrolyzed to anthranilic acid and L-alanine with the help of kynureninase. With the transfer of an amino group, kynurenine becomes the alternate product kynurenic acid, and the addition of an oxygen by kynurenine-3-monoxygenase turns kynurenine into 3-hydroxykynurenine. Anthranilic acid, through non-specific hydroxylation, becomes 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, which is the precursor for quinolinic acid, picolinic acid, and the terminal product NAD+. The ratio of anthranilic acid to the downstream 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid has been suggested as one potential biomarker for both neurological and physiological disorders. 
  • 593
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Redox Homeostasis Regulation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin–proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina.
  • 303
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ethylene and ACC in Plants
The molecule 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) is the immediate precursor of the plant hormone ethylene in most seed plant species. Both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and ethylene can affect plant growth and development in a variety of ways.
  • 592
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Wildlife–Vehicle Collisions
Wildlife–Vehicle Collisions (WVCs) are the most obvious negative effect of roads on wildlife. Scientists have estimated that approximately 194 million birds and 29 million mammals may be killed on roads in Europe each year. WVCs have serious consequences for wildlife populations. Road mortality can be a primary cause of death for some species in some regions, can reduce species abundance near roads, can limit genetic diversity, and can pose extinction threats to certain wildlife. Identifying the influencing factors and summarizing the spatial-temporal patterns of WVCs have been major research trends in recent decades and are of great importance for mitigation measures.
  • 390
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Trinucleotides/Codons
Ariadne’s thread on the path of our discovery of DNA and genetic code symmetries was our trinucleotide classification. Trinucleotides of each DNA genome and codons of the genetic code consist of four nitrogenous bases: two purines (adenine (A) and guanine (G)) and two pyrimidines (cytosine (C) and thymine (T) or uracil (U)). Thus, three of the bases are found in both DNA and the genetic code, whereas thymine is unique to DNA, and uracil is unique to the genetic code. A nucleotide is formed in the cell when the base attaches itself to the 1′ carbon of the sugar and phosphate attaches itself to the 5′ carbon of the same sugar the nucleotide takes its name from.
  • 538
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Entomopathogenic Fungi in Mosquito Biocontrol
Fungal diseases are widespread among insects and play a crucial role in naturally regulating insect populations. Mosquitoes, known as vectors for numerous infectious diseases, pose a significant threat to human health. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have emerged as highly promising alternative agents to chemical mosquitocides for controlling mosquitoes at all stages of their life cycle due to their unique infection pathway through direct contact with the insect’s cuticle.
  • 559
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Wine and Non-Dairy Fermented Beverages
Probiotics and prebiotics are microbiota-management instruments for improving human health once they may be beneficial for maintaining a healthy community of gut microbiota and bowel function. Probiotic’s main target is the gut, via the gastrointestinal tract, although direct application to other body zones such as the vaginal tract, the oral cavity, and skin have been studied.
  • 236
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Plant Bioactive Phenolic Compounds
Polyphenols, as well as volatile compounds responsible for aromatic features, play a critical role in the quality of vegetables and medicinal, and aromatic plants (MAPs). The research conducted has shown that these plants contain biologically active compounds, mainly polyphenols, that relate to the prevention of inflammatory processes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disorders as well as to antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiparasitic properties. 
  • 269
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR-Based Technologies in Wine Yeasts
For the highly competitive wine market with new demands for improved wine quality and wine safety, it has become increasingly critical to develop new yeast strains. New possibilities arose for creating upgraded wine yeasts in the laboratory, resulting in the development of strains with better fermentation abilities, able to improve the sensory quality of wines and produce wines targeted to specific consumers, considering their health and nutrition requirements. However, only two genetically modified (GM) wine yeast strains are officially registered and approved for commercial use. Compared with traditional genetic engineering methods, CRISPR/Cas9 is described as efficient, versatile, cheap, easy-to-use, and able to target multiple sites.
  • 591
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Conservation Tillage in Medicinal Plant Production
The application of no-tillage (NT) has a long history and can reduce tillage frequency and intensity and protect soil from erosion and deterioration. NT is often combined with organic mulch to significantly reduce soil disturbance. NT and stover mulching have the advantages of saving manpower and resources and improving soil quality, crop yield, and quality. The ecological and economic benefits of NT in long-term medicinal plant cultivation could be prominent. Soil health is associated with various agronomic and environmental benefits, which are deemed essential for the optimal production of medicinal plants. Soil health indicators include physical, chemical, biological, and other ones, all of which can be influenced by NT and relevant manipulations.
  • 681
  • 04 Aug 2023
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