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Topic Review
Oilseed Crops with Fish Oil-like Levels ω3 LC-PUFA
Omega-3 long-chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA) play a critical physiological role in health and are nutritionally important for both humans and animals. The abundance of marine-derived resources of the health-benefitting ω3 LC-PUFA is either static or in some cases declining. Alternative source of ω3 LC-PUFA is required to meet the increasing demand. Oilseed crops containing fish oil-levels of ω3 LC-PUFA and importantly also containing a high ω3/ω6 ratio have been developed.
  • 310
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Approaches to Secondary Metabolite Production from Fungi
The secondary metabolome of fungi is vast and largely unexplored, especially from Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes, which comprise filamentous fungi. They are the source of many compounds with medical, industrial, and agricultural importance.
  • 656
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Functional Foods in the Context of Viral Infection
The concept of functional foods is thought to have first arisen in Japan less than 40 years ago, with the Japanese initiating the concept of functional food science based on the words of the ancient Chinese, in which they stated that “Medicine and food are isogenic”. Here we discuss the immunomodulatory mechanisms of key functional foods, including dairy proteins and hydrolysates, plant-based functional foods, fermentates, and foods enriched with vitamin D, zinc, and selenium. Our findings reveal four key immunity boosting mechanisms by functional foods, including inhibition of viral proliferation and binding to host cells, modulation of the innate immune response in macrophages and dendritic cells, enhancement of specific immune responses in T cells and B cells, and promotion of the intestinal barrier function. Overall, this entry demonstrates that diet-derived nutrients and functional foods show immense potential to boost viral immunity in high-risk individuals and can be an important approach to improving overall immune health.
  • 573
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Antifungals Used in Exotic Avian and Reptile Species
Exotic animals are typically non-domesticated and non-indigenous to the geographical region they inhabit. Fungal diseases are widespread and have led to the decline of multifarious exotic animals. Fatal dermatomycoses caused by Nannizziopsis spp. have been reported in captive reptiles, despite treatment with antifungals. Dermatomycoses such as those caused by the fungal complex Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) are emerging infectious diseases in reptiles, with increasing prevalence and spread across geographical regions and, unfortunately, increasing antifungal resistance patterns. Likewise, the most common fungal disease in avians, aspergillosis, has a high mortality rate. 
  • 656
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Approaches towards Healthier Meat Products
Meat products are a staple of many diets around the world, but they have been subject to criticism due to their potential negative impact on human health. There has been a growing interest in developing novel approaches to improve the healthy characteristics of meat products, with a particular focus on reducing the levels of harmful salts, lipids, and nitrites. 
  • 286
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Cell Nucleus as a Multiscale Porous Medium
Chromatin regulatory processes physically take place in the environment of the cell nucleus, which is filled with the chromosomes and a plethora of smaller biomolecules. The nucleus contains macromolecular assemblies of different sizes, from nanometer-sized protein complexes to micrometer-sized biomolecular condensates, chromosome territories, and nuclear bodies. This multiscale organization impacts the transport processes within the nuclear interior, the global mechanical properties of the nucleus, and the way the nucleus senses and reacts to mechanical stimuli. 
  • 356
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of Marine Probiotics
Due to the increasing limitations and negative impacts of the current options for preventing and managing diseases, including chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, alternative therapies are needed, especially ones utilizing and maximizing natural products (NPs). NPs abound with diverse bioactive primary and secondary metabolites and compounds with therapeutic properties.
  • 247
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Basic Differences between Cell Cycle and Endocycle
The standard cell cycle is divided into two periods: (1) the interphase, with the phases G1, S, and G2 and (2) cell division, either mitosis or meiosis. Initially, each new cell is in the G1 (Gap 1) phase. Then, the content of genetic material in the cell nucleus amounts to 2C, i.e., it reaches the basic value in vegetative cells.
  • 690
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Exocytosis Mechanisms/Pathways of Nanoparticles
Both biomedical applications and safety assessments of manufactured nanomaterials require a thorough understanding of the interaction between nanomaterials and cells, including how nanomaterials enter cells, transport within cells, and leave cells. Compared to the extensively studied uptake and trafficking of nanoparticles (NPs) in cells, less attention has been paid to the exocytosis of NPs. Yet exocytosis is an indispensable process of regulating the content of NPs in cells, which in turn influences, even decides, the toxicity of NPs to cells. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and influencing factors of the exocytosis of NPs is not only essential for the safety assessment of NPs but also helpful for guiding the design of safe and highly effective NP-based materials for various purposes.
  • 392
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molybdoenzymes-Dependent Nitric Oxide Formation
Nitric oxide radical (NO) is a signalling molecule involved in several physiological and pathological processes and a new nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway has emerged as a physiological salvage pathway that operates under challenging conditions, when the "classic" L-arginine-dependent NO synthases are hindered. To catalyse the reduction of nitrite to NO, mammalian cells can use different metalloproteins that are present in cells to perform other functions (moonlighting). Among the so far identified ''non-dedicated nitrite reductases'', the molybdenum-containing enzymes stand out as very efficient NO synthases due to their well know ability to catalyse oxygen atom transfer reactions.
  • 431
  • 10 Aug 2023
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