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Topic Review
Targeted Therapeutic Sites for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
The advent of precision medicine has brought light to the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), expanding the options for patients with advanced NSCLC by targeting therapy through genetic and epigenetic cues. Tumor driver genes in NSCLC patients have been uncovered one by one, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mesenchymal lymphoma kinase (ALK), and receptor tyrosine kinase ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1) mutants. Antibodies and inhibitors that target the critical gene-mediated signaling pathways that regulate tumor growth and development are anticipated to increase patient survival and quality of life. Targeted drugs continue to emerge, with as many as two dozen approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and chemotherapy and targeted therapy have significantly improved patient prognosis.
  • 3.5K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Microbial Therapies for Food Allergy
Food allergies have been rising in prevalence in recent decades and are also the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children. Food allergies impose significant burdens on patients and families due to the need for specialized diets and constant monitoring for allergens in food, increased healthcare usage, and anxiety related to developing an anaphylactic reaction.
  • 415
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Drug-Delivery Systems with Aptamers
The field of drug delivery has witnessed remarkable progress, driven by the quest for more effective and precise therapeutic interventions. Among the myriad strategies employed, the integration of aptamers as targeting moieties and stimuli-responsive systems has emerged as a promising avenue, particularly in the context of anticancer therapy. The conventional chemotherapy paradigm often suffers from systemic toxicity, as potent cytotoxic agents are indiscriminately delivered throughout the body, causing adverse effects on healthy tissues. To address this limitation, the integration of smart targeting mechanisms has gained prominence. Within this paradigm, aptamers, short nucleic acid sequences with a unique ability to bind specifically to target molecules, have emerged as valuable targeting ligands. Aptamers share similarities with antibodies as they exhibit a high affinity for specific targets, making them a focus of research in disease-targeted therapy owing to their remarkable selectivity. Regarded as promising therapeutic agents, aptamers possess attributes such as non-immunogenicity, high specificity, and stability.
  • 291
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Targeted Delivery of Antifungal Liposomes to Rhizopus delemar
Mucormycosis (a.k.a. zygomycosis) is an often-life-threatening disease caused by fungi from the ancient fungal division Mucoromycota. Globally, there are nearly a million people with the disease. Rhizopus spp., and R. delemar (R. oryzae, R. arrhizus) in particular, are responsible for most of the diagnosed cases. Pulmonary, rhino-orbito-cerebral, and invasive mucormycosis are most effectively treated with amphotericin B (AmB) and particularly with liposomal formulations (e.g., AmBisome®). However, even after antifungal therapy, there is still a 50% mortality rate. Hence, there is a critical need to improve therapeutics for mucormycosis. Targeting AmB-loaded liposomes (AmB-LLs) with the pathogen receptor Dectin-1 (DEC1-AmB-LLs) to the beta-glucans expressed on the surface of Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans lowers the effective dose required to kill cells relative to untargeted AmB-LLs. Because Dectin-1 is an immune receptor for R. delemar infections and may bind it directly, the researchers explored the Dectin-1-mediated delivery of liposomal AmB to R. delemar. DEC1-AmB-LLs bound 100- to 1000-fold more efficiently to the exopolysaccharide matrix of R. delemar germlings and mature hyphae relative to AmB-LLs. DEC1-AmB-LLs delivering sub-micromolar concentrations of AmB were an order of magnitude more efficient at inhibiting and/or killing R. delemar than AmB-LLs. Targeted antifungal drug-loaded liposomes have the potential to improve the treatment of mucormycosis. 
  • 461
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Cytokines as Cancer Therapeutics in Glioblastoma
Cytokines are secreted proteins that engage the extracellular domains of cell surface receptors and regulate immune response and homeostasis. Cytokines can be classified based on their roles as pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines or on cellular origin.
  • 197
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Cytokine Delivery for Cancer Treatment
Anti-tumor properties of several cytokines have already been investigated in multiple experiments and clinical trials. However, those studies evidenced substantial toxicities, even at low cytokine doses, and the lack of tumor specificity. These factors significantly limit clinical applications. Due to their high specificity and affinity, tumor-specific monoclonal antibodies or their antigen-binding fragments are capable of delivering fused cytokines to tumors and, therefore, of decreasing the number and severity of side effects, as well as of enhancing the therapeutic index. Targeted cytokine-mediated activation of the immune cells may trigger massive cytokine production at the disease site, making the local environmental conditions more favorable for local immune system cell functioning.
  • 577
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Targeted COVID-19 Screening Indicators
The global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 is a known consequence of infection of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has affected nations worldwide with the soaring number of cases daily. Symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are commonly presented in COVID-19 patients.
  • 562
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Accumulation of Macrophages Induced by Microbeam Irradiation
Macrophages are some of the first cells recruited to sites of radiation-induced injury where they can aid in tissue repair, propagate radiation-induced fibrogenesis and influence tumour dynamics. Radiation therapy (RT) is a vital component of multimodal cancer treatment, and its immunomodulatory effects are a major focus of current therapeutic strategies. Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is a unique, spatially fractionated radiation modality that has demonstrated exceptional tumour control and reduction in normal tissue toxicity, including fibrosis. 
  • 324
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Target of Rapamycin
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate developmental and metabolic processes. In plants, TOR has been shown to be a central regulator of growth and a negative regulator of catabolic processes such as autophagy.
  • 957
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TARDBP Gene
TAR DNA binding protein: The TARDBP gene provides instructions for making a protein called transactive response DNA binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43). 
  • 453
  • 24 Dec 2020
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