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Topic Review
Targeting of Signaling Pathways by Thymoquinone in Cancer
Thymoquinone is isolated from Nigella sativa with a molecular weight of 164.2 g/mol. A series of cutting-edge research works have demonstrated the health-promoting and disease-ameliorating roles of thymoquinone.
  • 532
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Cancer
Plant secondary metabolites, known as phytochemicals, have gained much attention in light of the “circular economy”, to reutilize waste products deriving from agriculture and food industry. Phytochemicals are known for their onco-preventive and chemoprotective effects, among several other beneficial properties. Apple phytochemicals have been extensively studied for their effectiveness in a wide range of diseases, cancer included.
  • 368
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Mitochondria in Kidney Diseases
Kidney function highly depends on mitochondria, organelles that regulate different metabolic pathways. Mitochondria-altered function and structure are present during acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • 629
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Targeting KRAS in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most intractable malignant tumors worldwide, and is known for its refractory and poor prognosis. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in PDAC. It has been considered the “untargetable” oncogene for decades until the emergence of G12C inhibitors, which put an end to this dilemma by covalent binding to the switch-II pocket of the G12C mutant protein. However, G12C inhibitors showed remarkable efficacy against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), while the G12C mutation is rare in PDAC. Based on the successful experience of G12C inhibitors, targeting KRAS G12D/V, which forms the majority of KRAS mutations in PDAC, is gradually being regarded as a potential therapy.
  • 619
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Cancer
Iron dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer, characterized by an overexpression of genes involved in iron metabolism and iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis. Dysregulated iron homeostasis increases intracellular labile iron, which may lead to the formation of excess cytotoxic radicals and make it vulnerable to various types of regulated cell death, including ferroptosis. The inhibition of ISC synthesis triggers the iron starvation response, increasing lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in cancer cells treated with oxidative stress-inducing agents. Various methods, such as redox operations, iron chelation, and iron replacement with redox-inert metals, can destabilize or limit ISC formation and function, providing potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Targeting ISCs to induce ferroptosis represents a promising approach in cancer therapy.
  • 364
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Inflammation in Prostate Cancer
Men of African descent are twice as likely to die of prostate cancer than other men. While equal access to care is the key target to improve cancer survival, it is now known that there are differences in disease biology and risk factor exposure across population groups. These differences could be causatively linked to the existing prostate cancer health disparities.
  • 379
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Inflammation Driven by HMGB1
HMGB1, originally described as a a protein that binds to DNA, functions as a structural co-factor for somatic cell transcription control. However, it also has numerous functions extracellularly. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), when passively released from cells, is capable of activating host innate immunity.
  • 533
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Immunosuppressive Pathways as Cancer Therapies
Immune response has been shown to play an important role in defining patient prognosis and response to cancer treatment. Tumor-induced immunosuppression encouraged the recent development of new chemotherapeutic agents that assists in the augmentation of immune responses. Molecular mechanisms that tumors use to evade immunosurveillance are attributed to their ability to alter antigen processing/presentation pathways and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells take advantage of normal molecular and immunoregulatory machinery to survive and thrive. Cancer cells constantly adjust their genetic makeup using several mechanisms such as nucleotide excision repair as well as microsatellite and chromosomal instability, thus giving rise to new variants with reduced immunogenicity and the ability to continue to grow without restrictions. 
  • 536
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Immunosuppressive Adenosine Signaling
The tumor microenvironment regulates many aspects of cancer progression and anti-tumor immunity. Cancer cells employ a variety of immunosuppressive mechanisms to dampen immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. While immunotherapies that target these mechanisms, such as immune checkpoint blockade, have had notable clinical success, resistance is common, and there is an urgent need to identify additional targets. Extracellular adenosine, a metabolite of ATP, is found at high levels in the tumor microenvironment and has potent immunosuppressive properties. Targeting members of the adenosine signaling pathway represents a promising immunotherapeutic modality that can potentially synergize with conventional anti-cancer treatment strategies. 
  • 314
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Gut Microbial Biofilms
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a global public health issue which poses a substantial humanistic and economic burden on patients, healthcare systems and society. In recent years, intestinal dysbiosis has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of CRC, with specific pathogens exhibiting oncogenic potentials such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis having been found to contribute to CRC development. More recently, it has been shown that initiation of CRC development by these microorganisms requires the formation of biofilms. Gut microbial biofilm forms in the inner colonic mucus layer and is composed of polymicrobial communities. Biofilm results in the redistribution of colonic epithelial cell E-cadherin, increases permeability of the gut and causes a loss of function of the intestinal barrier, all of which enhance intestinal dysbiosis. This literature review aims to compile the various strategies that target these pathogenic biofilms and could potentially play a role in the prevention of CRC. We explore the potential use of natural products, silver nanoparticles, upconverting nanoparticles, thiosalicylate complexes, anti-rheumatic agent (Auranofin), probiotics and quorum-sensing inhibitors as strategies to hinder colon carcinogenesis via targeting colon-associated biofilms.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Oct 2020
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