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Topic Review
Rhizobia as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
Rhizobia can associate with non-legume roots, which ultimately leads to the stimulation of growth through diverse direct and indirect mechanisms. For example, rhizobia can enhance growth through phytohormones production, the improvement of plant nutrient uptake, such as the solubilization of precipitated phosphorus, the production of siderophores to address iron needs, and also the reduction of ethylene levels through the aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase enzyme to cope with drought stress. Additionally, rhizobia can improve, indirectly, non-legume growth through biocontrol of pathogens and the induction of systemic resistance in the host plant. It can also increase root adherence to soil by releasing exopolysaccharides, which regulate water and soil nutrient movement.
  • 386
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxytocin in Early-Life-Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Early-life stress during critical periods of brain development can have long-term effects on physical and mental health. Oxytocin is a critical social regulator and anti-inflammatory hormone that modulates stress-related functions and social behaviors and alleviates diseases. Oxytocin-related neural systems show high plasticity in early postpartum and adolescent periods. Early-life stress can influence the oxytocin system long term by altering the expression and signaling of oxytocin receptors. Deficits in social behavior, emotional control, and stress responses may result, thus increasing the risk of anxiety, depression, and other stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases. Oxytocin is regarded as an important target for the treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders. 
  • 287
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanostructures and Stem Cells in Liver Diseases
The term “liver disease” refers to any hepatic condition that leads to tissue damage or altered hepatic function and can be induced by virus infections, autoimmunity, inherited genetic mutations, high consumption of alcohol or drugs, fat accumulation, and cancer. Some types of liver diseases are becoming more frequent worldwide. This can be related to increasing rates of obesity in developed countries, diet changes, higher alcohol intake, and even the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with increased liver disease-related deaths. Although the liver can regenerate, in cases of chronic damage or extensive fibrosis, the recovery of tissue mass is impossible, and a liver transplant is indicated. 
  • 230
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Time-Restricted Feeding and Weight Loss in Obesity
Across the globe, obesity is a significant concern for public health, a disease characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat, with a negative impact on health. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), in which food accessibility is restricted to a variable period of 8–10 h, especially in the active phase, inducing a prolonged fasting period, is a strategy with potential effects in preventing obesity. Evidence in preclinical studies demonstrated that TRF attenuates the impacts of metabolic disturbances related to high-fat diet feeding in rodents. Through these discoveries, there has been growing interest in revealing the effects associated with TRF in preventing obesity and its comorbidities, as well as investigating its effects in humans. Although TRF is a promising alternative to reduce the impact of obesity, it is necessary to investigate the results on skeletal muscle tissue. Muscle tissue is important for body energy expenditure; however, caloric restriction can negatively impact protein turnover and induce loss of muscle mass, influencing the basal metabolic rate and weight loss.
  • 194
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Inflammation Leads to Skeletal Muscle Wasting in COPD
Inflammation is one of the primary drivers of skeletal muscle wasting in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), through its catabolic effects.
  • 252
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Flavor Formation in Dry-Cured Fish
Dried salted fish is a traditional dry-cured fish that is sprinkled with salt before the curing process. With a unique flavor as well as diverse varieties, dry-cured fish is popular among consumers worldwide. The presence of various microbial communities during the curing process leads to numerous metabolic reactions, especially lipid oxidation and protein degradation, which influence the formation of flavor substances. 
  • 540
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Electroceutical Therapy for Autoimmune Disease
Continuous dialogue between the immune system and the brain plays a key homeostatic role in various immune responses to environmental cues. Several functions are under the control of the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex, a physiological mechanism through which nerve signals regulate immune functions. In the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, the vagus nerve, its pivotal neurotransmitter acetylcholine, together with the corresponding receptors play a key role in modulating the immune response of mammals. Bioelectronic medicine has recently emerged as an alternative approach to managing systemic inflammation. Nerve electrostimulation was reported to be clinically relevant in reducing chronic inflammation in autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes.
  • 178
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biofilm of Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that infects nearly half of the global population and is recognized as a group 1 carcinogen by the Word Health Organization. The global rise in antibiotic resistance has increased clinical challenges in treating H. pylori infections. Biofilm growth has been proposed to contribute to H. pylori’s chronic colonization of the host stomach, treatment failures, and the eventual development of gastric diseases. Several components of H. pylori have been identified to promote biofilm growth, and several of these may also facilitate antibiotic tolerance, including the extracellular matrix, outer membrane proteins, shifted morphology, modulated metabolism, efflux pumps, and virulence factors.
  • 390
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Antiviral Properties of Algal Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are a group of either similar or different saccharides that are connected with glycosidic bonds. These polysaccharide molecules inhibit viral replication by interfering in any stage of the viral life cycle, which generally takes place in phases such as the adsorption of the virus by the host cells, penetration into the host cell, uncoating of capsids, assembly and release of viral particles, or via inactivating virions before infection. The life cycle of viruses varies from species to species; thus, the action mechanisms of the algal polysaccharides also varies with the nature of the virus species.
  • 420
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Toll-like Receptor 2 in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Processes
While a certain level of inflammation is critical for humans to survive infection and injury, a prolonged inflammatory response can have fatal consequences. Pattern recognition Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key players in the initiation of an inflammatory process. TLR2 is one of the most studied pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and is known to form heterodimers with either TLR1, TLR4, TLR6, and TLR10, allowing it to recognize a wide range of pathogens.
  • 381
  • 17 Aug 2023
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