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Biography
Alexander O. Shpakov
Alexander O. Shpakov is a Professor of Biochemistry at the I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry (IEPB), Russian Academy of Sciences, in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. He was born in 1963 at Leningrad in Russia. He received his Master of Science degree in Bioorganic Chemistry in 1987 from the Leningrad State University, Russia, and his PhD degree in Biochemistry in 1996
  • 436
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
NSPs Present in the SARS-CoV-2 Genome
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped respiratory β coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), leading to a deadly pandemic that has claimed millions of lives worldwide. Like other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV-2 genome also codes for non-structural proteins (NSPs). These NSPs are found within open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) and open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and encode NSP1 to NSP11 and NSP12 to NSP16, respectively. 
  • 488
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Rusty Grain Beetle
Cryptolestes ferrugineus, the rusty grain beetle, is a cosmopolitan pest that has adapted to cool and warm climates due to its unique biology, ecology, and behavior. The rusty grain beetle is a pest of high economic importance; hence, understanding their biology, ecology, and behavior could be useful in designing effective management strategies.
  • 585
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Potential Pathogen Resistance in Cannabis sativa
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is one of the earliest cultivated crops, valued for producing a broad spectrum of compounds used in medicinal products and being a source of food and fibre.
  • 348
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Immunosenescence
Hypoxia activates hypoxia-related signaling pathways controlled by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs represent a quick and effective detection system involved in the cellular response to insufficient oxygen concentration.
  • 190
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides Demonstrate Activity against Resistant Bacterial Pathogens
The antimicrobial resistance crisis is an ongoing major threat to public health safety. Low- and middle-income countries are particularly susceptible to higher fatality rates and the economic impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As an increasing number of pathogens emerge with multi- and pan-drug resistance to last-resort antibiotics, there is an urgent need to provide alternative antibacterial options to mitigate disease transmission, morbidity, and mortality. As identified by the World Health Organization (WHO), critically important pathogens such as Klebsiella and Pseudomonas species are becoming resistant to last-resort antibiotics including colistin while being frequently isolated from clinical cases of infection. Antimicrobial peptides are potent amino acid sequences produced by many life forms from prokaryotic, fungal, plant, to animal species. These peptides have many advantages, including their multi-hit mode of action, potency, and rapid onset of action with low levels of resistance being evident. These innate defense mechanisms also have an immune-stimulating action among other activities in vivo, thus making them ideal therapeutic options. Large-scale production and formulation issues (pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics), high cost, and protease instability hinder their mass production and limit their clinical application.
  • 207
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Chinese Baijiu and Whisky
Baijiu is a traditional spirit with high reputation in the Chinese community, and whisky, on the other hand, is a renowned spirit in Western culture, with both contributing a major proportion to the consumption and revenue in the global spirit market. Interestingly, starting with similar raw materials, such as grains, diverse production methods lead to different organoleptic profiles. In addition, such enormous attention they attract renders them as a crucial part in food and the related industry. Therefore, great efforts are made in improving product quality and optimizing production processes, such as flavor enhancement, facility development, and deep utilization of byproducts. Given the huge impacts and great involvements of these spirits in the general food industry, research focusing on either spirit is of referential significance for other relevant fields.
  • 482
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Outer Membrane Vesicles as Biomedical Tools
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are lipid-membrane-bounded nanoparticles that are released from Gram-negative bacteria via vesiculation of the outer membrane. OMVs have several characteristics that enable them to be promising candidates for immune modulation against pathogens, such as their ability to induce the host immune responses given their resemblance to the parental bacterial cell.
  • 289
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Origins and Evolution of Plant Hormone Modules
Biological modularity refers to the organization of living systems into separate functional units that interact in different combinations to promote individual well-being and species survival. Modularity provides a framework for generating and selecting variations that can lead to adaptive evolution. While the exact mechanisms underlying the evolution of modularity are still being explored, it is believed that the pressure of conflicting demands on limited resources is a primary selection force. One prominent example of conflicting demands is the trade-off between survival and reproduction. 
  • 364
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PARP1 in Homeostasis and Tumorigenesis
Detailing the connection between homeostatic functions of enzymatic families and eventual progression into tumorigenesis is crucial to the understanding of anti-cancer therapies. One key enzyme group involved in this process is the Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family, responsible for an expansive number of cellular functions, featuring members well established as regulators of DNA repair, genomic stability and beyond. Several PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been approved for clinical use in a range of cancers, with many more still in trials. Unfortunately, the occurrence of resistance to PARPi therapy is growing in prevalence and requires the introduction of novel counter-resistance mechanisms to maintain efficacy.
  • 186
  • 22 Aug 2023
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