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Topic Review
TGFB2 Gene
transforming growth factor beta 2
  • 707
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TGFB1 Gene
transforming growth factor beta 1
  • 510
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TGF-β1 Signaling in Kidney Diseases
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a crucial pathogenic mediator of inflammatory diseases. In tissue fibrosis, TGF-β regulates the pathogenic activity of infiltrated immunocytes and promotes extracellular matrix production via de novo myofibroblast generation and kidney cell activation. However, TGF-β is highly pleiotropic in tissue fibrosis, and thus, direct targeting of TGF-β may also block its protective anti-inflammatory effects, resulting in undesirable outcomes. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in TGF-β-driven tissue fibrosis with a high cell-type and disease specificity, serving as an ideal target for therapeutic development.
  • 434
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus affecting a significant portion of the global population, has long been viewed primarily as a microvascular disorder. However, emerging evidence suggests that it should be redefined as a neurovascular disease with multifaceted pathogenesis rooted in oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling family has emerged as a major contributor to DR pathogenesis due to its pivotal role in retinal vascular homeostasis, endothelial cell barrier function, and pericyte differentiation. 
  • 257
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
TGF-β Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling triggers diverse biological actions in inflammatory diseases. In tissue fibrosis, it acts as a key pathogenic regulator for promoting immunoregulation via controlling the activation, proliferation, and apoptosis of immunocytes. In cancer, it plays a critical role in tumor microenvironment (TME) for accelerating invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. Increasing evidence suggest a pleiotropic nature of TGF-β signaling as a critical pathway for generating fibrotic TME, which contains numerous cancer-associated fibroblasts, extracellular matrix proteins, and remodeling enzymes. Better understanding the underlying mechanisms may uncover novel therapeutic targets for cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
TGF-β in Skin Chronic Wounds
Chronic wounds are characterized for their incapacity to heal within an expected time frame. Potential mechanisms driving this impairment are poorly understood and current hypotheses point to the development of an unbalanced milieu of growth factor and cytokines. Among them, TGF-β is considered to promote the broadest spectrum of effects. Although it is known to contribute to healthy skin homeostasis, the highly context-dependent nature of TGF-β signaling restricts the understanding of its roles in healing and wound chronification. Historically, low TGF-β levels have been suggested as a pattern in chronic wounds. However, a revision of the available evidence in humans indicates that this could constitute a questionable argument. Thus, in chronic wounds, divergences regarding skin tissue compartments seem to be characterized by elevated TGF-β levels only in the epidermis. 
  • 748
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
TGF-β in Cancer
TGF-β is a well know cytokine and growth factor related to tumor growth and fibrosis in different kind of cancers such as lung, pancreas, colon cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • 662
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
TG Gene
Thyroglobulin: The TG gene provides instructions for making a protein called thyroglobulin, one of the largest proteins in the body. 
  • 442
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TFR2 Gene
Transferrin receptor 2: The TFR2 gene provides instructions for making a protein called transferrin receptor 2. 
  • 430
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TFEB-Induced Autophagy's Regulation during Mtb Infection and Starvation
Through the promotion of phagolysosome formation, autophagy has emerged as a crucial mechanism to eradicate intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A cell-autonomous host defense mechanism called lysosome biogenesis and autophagy transports cytoplasmic cargos and bacterial phagosomes to lysosomes for destruction during infection. Similar occurrences occurred in stressful or starvation circumstances and led to autophagy, which is harmful to the cell. It is interesting to note that under both hunger and infection states, the transcription factor EB (TFEB) acts as a master regulator of lysosomal activities and autophagy. 
  • 252
  • 18 Dec 2023
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