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Topic Review
Long-Term Space Nutrition
Nutrition has many important functions in space travel, from providing enough nutrients and meeting the metabolic needs of a healthy body to enhancing an individual’s emotional well-being. Nutrition also plays a key role in offsetting many negative effects of space travel, such as radiation exposure, immune deficiency, oxidative stress, and bone and muscle loss.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microbes under Salt-Affected Soils
The salinization of soil is responsible for the reduction in the growth and development of plants. As the global population increases day by day, there is a decrease in the cultivation of farmland due to the salinization of soil, which threatens food security. Salt-affected soils occur all over the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The total area of global salt-affected soil is 1 billion ha, and in India, an area of nearly 6.74 million ha−1 is salt-stressed, out of which 2.95 million ha−1 are saline soil (including coastal) and 3.78 million ha−1 are alkali soil. The rectification and management of salt-stressed soils require specific approaches for sustainable crop production. Remediating salt-affected soil by chemical, physical and biological methods with available resources is recommended for agricultural purposes. Bioremediation is an eco-friendly approach compared to chemical and physical methods. The role of microorganisms has been documented by many workers for the bioremediation of such problematic soils. Halophilic Bacteria, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Cyanobacteria, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and microbial inoculation have been found to be effective for plant growth promotion under salt-stress conditions. The microbial mediated approaches can be adopted for the mitigation of salt-affected soil and help increase crop productivity. A microbial product consisting of beneficial halophiles maintains and enhances the soil health and the yield of the crop in salt-affected soil.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Brewer’s Spent Grains
Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is the main solid by-product in the brewing industry, obtained during lautering. BSG has a multitude of applications and it can be used as a valuable fedstock for production of different products. Moreover, it could also be used as a biomass for energy purposes.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Polar Lipids from Olives/Olive Oil
Polar lipids are minor components of olives and olive oil and include a myriad of molecules such as phospholipids and glycolipids.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Importance of Mud Crab in Saline Water Ecosystems
Mud crabs genus Scylla (S. serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. olivacea, and S. paramamosain) is an important member of mangrove/estuarine saline water ecosystems than other crustaceans due to its major activities (biological burrowing and bioturbation creation) in protecting and spreading mangrove forests. Mud crabs are generally found in estuaries, especially in mangrove forests of India, Taiwan, Japan, China, South Africa, Indonesia, and the Philippines of Indo-Pacific places. Similarly, Malaysia, Singapore, Western Samoa, Salmon Island, Fiji, and New Caledonia are big mud crabs habitats.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
DNA Mismatch Repair Gene Variants
DNA mismatch repair system (MMR) is an integral part of DNA damage response pathway (DDR), responsible for maintenance of genomic integrity. MMR preferably corrects frameshift mutations in microsatellites and mismatched nucleotides generated during DNA replication.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
COVID-19 Diagnosis
The world is grappling with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the causative agent of which is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 symptoms are similar to the common cold, including fever, sore throat, cough, muscle and chest pain, brain fog, dyspnoea, anosmia, ageusia, and headache.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
DENGUE and ZIKA Flaviviruses Nucleic Acid Vaccine
Dengue virus and Zika virus are mosquito-borne, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the Flaviviridae family. Both the viruses are closely related and have similarities with other flaviviruses. Dengue virus (DENV) causes a severe febrile illness with fever, joint pain, and rash leading to a life-threatening condition in severe cases. While Zika virus (ZIKV) primarily causes mild fever, it can be passed from a pregnant mother to her fetus, resulting in severe birth defect microcephaly and even causing a rare autoimmune disease—Guillain–Barre syndrome. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vector Transmission of Plant Viruses
Vector transmission of plant viruses is basically of two types that depend on the virus helper component proteins or the capsid proteins. A number of plant viruses belonging to disparate groups have developed unusual capsid proteins providing for interactions with the vector.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
TRPV1
Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration ([Ca2+]i) is a key determinant of cell fate and is implicated in carcinogenesis. Membrane ion channels are structures through which ions enter or exit the cell, depending on the driving forces. The opening of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ligand-gated ion channels facilitates transmembrane Ca2+ and Na+ entry, which modifies the delicate balance between apoptotic and proliferative signaling pathways. Proliferation is upregulated through two mechanisms: (1) ATP binding to the G-protein-coupled receptor P2Y2, commencing a kinase signaling cascade that activates the serine-threonine kinase Akt, and (2) the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leading to a series of protein signals that activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. The TRPV1-apoptosis pathway involves Ca2+ influx and efflux between the cytosol, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c from the mitochondria, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation and condensation. While proliferative mechanisms are typically upregulated in cancerous tissues, shifting the balance to favor apoptosis could support anti-cancer therapies. TRPV1, through [Ca2+]i signaling, influences cancer cell fate; therefore, the modulation of the TRPV1-enforced proliferation–apoptosis balance is a promising avenue in developing anti-cancer therapies and overcoming cancer drug resistance. 
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2020
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