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Topic Review
The Immune System in Brief
The immune system is the body's intricate defense mechanism against infections and diseases. It is composed of a vast network of cells, tissues, and molecules working in harmony to protect us. Two main branches, the innate and adaptive immune systems, work together to differentiate between "self" and "non-self" entities. Innate immunity provides immediate but nonspecific protection, employing barriers like the skin and various white blood cells to quickly respond to threats. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, takes time to develop and is highly specific. It relies on the production of antibodies and memory cells to remember and target specific pathogens for future encounters. The immune system's functionality revolves around recognizing foreign invaders, launching targeted responses, and forming immunological memory. It also requires tight regulation to prevent overactive responses or autoimmune disorders. Recent breakthroughs in immunology, such as immunotherapy and mRNA vaccines, highlight the ever-evolving understanding and harnessing of the immune system's capabilities, promising a brighter future in the fight against diseases.
  • 362
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma
Severe equine asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of adult horses, occurring when genetically susceptible individuals are exposed to environmental respirable particles. This results in airway inflammation, mucus accumulation and bronchial constriction. Affected horses present with cough, nasal discharge and increased respiratory effort at rest. Although a complex diversity of genetic and immunological pathways contribute to the disease, these remain to be fully understood. 
  • 660
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The IGF1 Signaling Pathway
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a peptide growth factor with important functions in multiple aspects of growth, development and metabolism. The biological actions of IGF1 are mediated by the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), a cell-surface protein that is evolutionarily related to the insulin receptor (InsR).
  • 358
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The IFN–JAK–STAT AXIS in Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy
The JAK-STAT pathway is a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module regulated by a wide array of extracellular signals including cytokines and growth factors, as well as cell-intrinsic mutations/alterations. Among all those upstream signals, interferons (IFNs), especially IFN-α/β (belonging to type I IFNs: IFN-Is) and IFN-γ (the only member in type II IFN), are the most widely studied. With their pleiotropic immunological activities in almost all known pathophysiological settings, we discussed the role of the IFN-JAK-STAT axis in radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapies (IOs), two major pillars of cancer care. 
  • 443
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Identity of Thrombosis
Since “two-path unifying theory” of hemostasis was published, it has been confirmed that hemostasis is blood clotting mechanism forming “hemostatic plug” in bleeding from external and internal bodily injury, and is also thrombosis promoting mechanism in intravascular injury by producing “thrombus”.
  • 810
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Iconisation of Yeast Spreads
Spent brewer’s yeast is the second largest by-product generated by the brewing industry. The term “spent brewer’s yeast” is used to describe yeast that is surplus to the brewer’s needs or is no longer needed in the brewing process.
  • 439
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Human Plasma Proteome
The human plasma proteome is an immensely complex mixture of proteins. Astonishingly, only 730 proteins are known to be secreted into the blood whereas the vast majority of plasma proteins are present as a result of leakage into the blood due to tissue degradation and damage, i.e., the plasma proteome potentially comprises of proteins that were derived from all tissues. 
  • 487
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Human Microbiome in Brief
The human microbiome is an intricate and diverse ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit our bodies, comprising bacteria, viruses, fungi, and more. This hidden universe thrives within us, with approximately 100 trillion microorganisms coexisting in harmony with our human cells. While the gut microbiome is the most extensively studied, other regions of the body, including the skin, mouth, vagina, and even the respiratory tract, host unique microbial communities. These microscopic inhabitants are not mere passengers but active participants in our bodily functions. They aid in digestion, regulate metabolism, educate our immune systems, and even influence our mental health through the gut-brain axis. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in these microbial communities, has been linked to various health conditions, from gastrointestinal disorders to autoimmune diseases and mental health disorders. As research in this field advances, the potential for personalized medicine and innovative treatments becomes increasingly promising, opening doors to a new era of healthcare and well-being.
  • 161
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The HSP40/DnaJ Proteins Existing in Leishmania
Abrupt environmental changes are faced by Leishmania parasites during transmission from a poikilothermic insect vector to a warm-blooded host. Adaptation to harsh environmental conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, oxidative stress and heat shock needs to be accomplished by rapid reconfiguration of gene expression and remodeling of protein interaction networks. Chaperones play a central role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and they are responsible for crucial tasks such as correct folding of nascent proteins, protein translocation across different subcellular compartments, avoiding protein aggregates and elimination of damaged proteins. Nearly one percent of the gene content in the Leishmania genome corresponds to members of the HSP40 family, a group of proteins that assist HSP70s in a variety of cellular functions. 
  • 713
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
The HSC Niche in β-thalassemia and SCD
Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin (Hb) production, estimated to be the most common monogenic diseases worldwide. In the last decade, research on pathophysiology and therapeutic solutions for β-thalassemia (BThal) and sickle cell disease (SCD) has been mostly focused on the primary erythroid defect, thus neglecting the study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The quality and engraftment of HSCs depend on the BM microenvironment, influencing the outcome of HSC transplantation (HSCT) both in allogeneic and in autologous gene therapy settings. In BThal and SCD, the consequences of severe anemia alter erythropoiesis and cause chronic stress in different organs, including the BM. 
  • 592
  • 07 Jul 2022
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