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Topic Review
Flavonoids in Brief
Flavonoids are a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. They owe their vibrant colors to these compounds, which also contribute to their potential health benefits. Flavonoids are characterized by their distinctive chemical structure, featuring two benzene rings connected by a three-carbon bridge. These bioactive polyphenols are grouped into various subclasses, including flavones, flavonols, flavonones, isoflavones, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and chalcones, each with unique properties and dietary sources. They have gained attention for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help combat oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which play pivotal roles in chronic diseases such as cardiovascular conditions and cancer. While flavonoids are found in a wide array of plant foods, incorporating a rainbow of fruits and vegetables into your diet is a practical way to harness their potential health benefits. Their bioavailability can be influenced by factors like food processing, gut microbiota, and genetic variability, making whole foods an ideal source. As research continues to unveil their therapeutic potential, flavonoids represent a colorful and nutritious addition to a health-conscious diet.
  • 276
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models of Neutropenia
Animal models of neutropenia are indispensable tools in biomedical research, offering unique insights into the causes, mechanisms, and potential treatments for this hematologic disorder. Neutropenia, characterized by a decreased number of neutrophils in the blood, can result from diverse factors, including chemotherapy, genetic mutations, autoimmune processes, and infections. Understanding these varied etiologies necessitates the use of different animal models, each tailored to specific research goals. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is a critical concern in cancer treatment, and mouse and rat models provide valuable platforms for studying drug-induced hematopoietic toxicity. These models enable precise control over drug exposure and dose, facilitating the development of supportive therapies. Genetic neutropenias, often associated with specific mutations, are investigated using murine and zebrafish models. These models allow researchers to replicate genetic conditions and explore potential therapeutic targets. Immune-mediated neutropenias, characterized by autoimmune responses against neutrophils, are studied in mice and non-human primates, providing insights into the immunopathological mechanisms involved and the testing of immunosuppressive interventions. Infection-induced neutropenia models, employing mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies, help elucidate host-pathogen interactions and the impact of infections on neutrophil production. By harnessing the strengths of these diverse animal models, scientists can deepen their understanding of neutropenia, advancing diagnostics and treatments for this clinically significant condition.
  • 318
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease
Animal models of Alzheimer's disease are essential tools in scientific research, allowing scientists to study the complex mechanisms underlying this devastating neurodegenerative disorder. These models are invaluable because they provide controlled environments, genetic manipulations, and shorter lifespans that expedite our understanding of Alzheimer's disease. Transgenic mouse models, which involve the introduction of human AD-associated genes, have been instrumental in elucidating the molecular basis of the disease. Knockout mouse models help pinpoint the role of specific genes in AD, shedding light on their functions and interactions. Rat models, with their larger brains and more complex behaviors, offer a balance between mice and primates, enabling more detailed analyses of cognitive deficits. Non-mammalian models, such as fruit flies and nematodes, provide cost-effective, high-throughput platforms for genetic and drug screening. Non-human primate models, due to their close resemblance to human brain structure and function, offer translational relevance but raise ethical and resource concerns. Canine models, reflecting naturally occurring cognitive dysfunction, offer a unique perspective. Porcine models, with their anatomical similarities to humans, hold promise for future research. In conclusion, these diverse animal models collectively contribute to our understanding of Alzheimer's disease, each offering unique insights and advantages. The choice of model depends on research objectives, and the combined use of multiple models enhances our quest to unravel Alzheimer's complexities.
  • 396
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents and Microalgae Growth
Municipal wastewater (MWW) provides a promising platform for microalgae cultivation due to its rich content of essential nutrients. Research has showcased the multifaceted benefits of microalgae-based wastewater treatment, from the potent depollution capabilities of these organisms to their biomass potential for ecofriendly applications. A significant advantage lies in the ability of these systems to promote environmental sustainability without producing secondary pollutants, aligning with the circular economy model. 
  • 442
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Necroptosis in Solid Organ Transplantation
Necroptosis is a type of programmed cell death involved in many diseases and has been studied in the setting of all major solid organ transplants, including the kidney, heart, liver, and lung. It is determined by the underlying donor organ conditions (e.g., age, alcohol consumption, fatty liver, hemorrhage shock, donation after circulatory death, etc.), preservation conditions and reperfusion, and allograft rejection. The specific molecular mechanisms of necroptosis have been uncovered in the organ transplantation setting, and potential targeting drugs have been identified.
  • 301
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Angiogenesis, Coagulopathy and Endothelial Dysfunction in ANFH
Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) is a painful disorder characterized by the cessation of blood supply to the femoral head, leading to its death and subsequent joint collapse. Influenced by several risk factors, including corticosteroid use, excessive alcohol intake, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and some inflammatory disorders, along with cancer, its clinical consequences are thrombus formation due to underlying inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, which collaborates with coagulopathy and impaired angiogenesis. Nonetheless, angiogenesis resolves the obstructed free flow of the blood by providing alternative routes. Clinical manifestations of early stage of ANFH mimic cysts or lesions in subchondral bone, vasculitis and transient osteoporosis of the hip, rendering it difficult to diagnose, complex to understand and complicated to cure. 
  • 402
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Methods Used for Activation of Silent Biosynthetic Genes
Antibiotic resistance is becoming a burning issue due to the frequent use of antibiotics for curing common bacterial infections, indicating that we are running out of effective antibiotics. Enhancement of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is strengthening the pathogenicity and virulence of infectious microbes. Endophytes have shown expression of various new many bioactive compounds with significant biological activities. Specifically, in endophytic fungi, bioactive metabolites with unique skeletons have been identified which could be helpful in the prevention of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The major classes of metabolites reported include anthraquinone, sesquiterpenoid, chromone, xanthone, phenols, quinones, quinolone, piperazine, coumarins and cyclic peptides. Various methods including epigenetic modifications, co-culture, and OSMAC to induce silent gene clusters for the production of noble bioactive compounds in endophytic fungi were discussed.
  • 300
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Secondary Metabolism and Biotechnology
Microbial secondary metabolites, now named as specialized metabolites, often have unusual structures and many have demonstrated major effects on the health, nutrition and economics of our society.
  • 299
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biosynthesis of Non-Canonical Amino Acids
The functional pool of canonical amino acids (cAAs) has been enriched through the emergence of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs). NcAAs play a crucial role in the production of various pharmaceuticals. The biosynthesis of ncAAs has emerged as an alternative to traditional chemical synthesis due to its environmental friendliness and high efficiency.
  • 344
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Role of Alcohol Dehydrogenases in Fungal Cells
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) (EC 1.1.1.1) are oxidoreductases that catalyze the interconversion of alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Oxidoreductases have been classified into three main categories: (1) NAD- or NADP-dependent dehydrogenases; (2) NAD(P)-independent enzymes that use pyrroloquinoline quinone, haem, or F420 as a cofactor; and (3) oxidases that catalyze essentially irreversible oxidation of alcohols.
  • 253
  • 10 Oct 2023
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