Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
The Oxytocin System in the Brain
Research on oxytocin (OT) was pioneered in the 1920s by German anatomist Ernst Scharrer, after he identified unusual, large-shaped “glandule-like” cells in the hypothalamus of fish. A full anatomical, morphological and functional assessment would follow in the next 50 years, complemented by the Nobel-prize awarded for the synthesis of OT to Vincent du Vigneaud in 1955.
  • 649
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Origin Recognition Complex
The origin recognition complex (ORC) selects sites for replication initiation by recruiting a pair of hexameric minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complexes to replication origins where the pre-replication complex (Pre-RC) is assembled, and the bidirectional replisomes are formed.
  • 234
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Origin of Translation
Extant biology uses RNA to record genetic information and proteins to execute biochemical functions. Nucleotides are translated into amino acids via transfer RNA in the central dogma. tRNA is essential in translation as it connects the codon and the cognate amino acid. Among the three steps in the central dogma, translation is the most important as it bridges the world of nucleic acids and the world of amino acids. In the “RNA world” hypothesis, RNA came first from the primordial environment, recorded the genetic information, and catalyzed fundamental biochemical reactions. Later, RNA alienated the catalytic function of peptides and proteins and released the information storage function to DNA. DNA self-copy, i.e., replication, and DNA-templated RNA polymerization, i.e., transcription, are more intuitive and practicable in prebiotic settings compared to RNA-coded peptide formation. Translation takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in the cytoplasm with messenger RNA as the template, transfer RNA as the adaptor, and ribosome RNA as the catalytic core. 
  • 508
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Origin of Regulatory T Cells
In immunology, the discovery of regulatory T (Treg) cells was a major breakthrough. Treg cells play a key role in pregnancy maintenance, in the prevention of autoimmune responses, and in the control of all immune responses, including responses to self cells, cancer, infection, and a transplant.
  • 705
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
The Origin of Geranylgeraniol and Farnesol
Isoprenoids are the output of the polymerization of five-carbon, branched isoprenic chains derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Isoprene units are consecutively condensed to form longer structures such as farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (FPP and GGPP, respectively), necessary for the biosynthesis of several metabolites. Polyprenyl transferases and synthases use polyprenyl pyrophosphates as their natural substrates; however, it is known that free polyprenols, such as farnesol (FOH), and geranylgeraniol (GGOH) can be incorporated into prenylated proteins, ubiquinone, cholesterol, and dolichols. Furthermore, FOH and GGOH have been shown to block the effects of isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors such as fosmidomycin, bisphosphonates, or statins in several organisms.
  • 532
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The origin cell of cancer
       Tumours may develop from stem cells as well as differentiated cells able to divide. Phenotypically, the two principal  types of cell of origin convert with the degree of genetic changes as the stem cell derived tumours stop earlier in the differentiation and the differentiated cells  gradually lose specific traits. However, the growth regulation of the cell of origin, which depends on its receptors conveying signals influencing proliferation, is essential in tumourigenesis since every cell division carries a small risk of mutation. Moreover, some normal cells have properties making them prone to develop into tumours as neuroendocrine cells which display low adherence as they occur spread by other cells, and also because they release signal substances affecting the vascular bed (for instance histamine).. Therefore, these cells may be the origin of tumours more malignant than apparent from their phenotype. Knowledge of the receptors of the cell of origin gives increased possibility to understand the tumourigenesis and also  improvement of prophylaxis and treatment of the tumours. Finally, spread of nearly normal tumour cells at an early phase gives a plausible explanation of quiescent tumor cell/dormant tumours.
  • 758
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The Orchids of Wetland Vegetation in Central Balkans
The orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of the largest and most diverse families in the plant kingdom, with approximately 28,000 species and 880 genera. Because of their germination limitation, mycorrhizal specificity and pollinator specialization, orchids are particularly vulnerable to changes in ecosystem balance, especially changes in moisture content, light regime, nutrient availability and competition levels. Habitat changes or their complete destruction have led to the extinction or decline in abundance and distribution of many orchids and, consequently, many species are protected by laws and/or are included in Red Data Books. Therefore, knowledge of the habitats and ecological preferences of orchids is a prerequisite for their appropriate conservation.
  • 711
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Oral Cancer Prevention
Oral cancer is the 18th (out of 36) most common cancer worldwide. Early identification and management of precancerous lesions at high risk of developing cancers is the most effective and economical way to reduce the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of cancers as well as minimizing treatment-related complications, including pain, impaired functions, and disfiguration. Reliable cancer-risk-predictive markers play an important role in enabling evidence-based decision making as well as providing mechanistic insight into the malignant conversion of precancerous lesions.
  • 552
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Oral Bacteriome and COVID-19
Metagenomic analysis of the oral bacteriome of patients suffering from COVID-19 have revealed the abundance of cariogenic (tooth decay) and periodontopathic (periodontitis) bacteria. This indicates that changes in the diversity of the oral bacteriome can lead to COVID-19 complications. 
  • 279
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
The Oncogenic Potential of SARS-CoV-2
Some viruses are known to be associated with the onset of specific cancers. Seven of these microorganisms, recognized as oncogenic viruses or oncoviruses, promote tumorigenesis in humans, converting normal cells into cancer cells through the modulation of central metabolic pathways or the impairment of genomic integrity mechanisms, consequently inhibiting the apoptotic machinery and/or enhancing cell proliferation. Actually, research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression may predispose recovered patients to cancer onset and accelerate cancer development. This hypothesis is based on the growing evidence regarding the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to modulate oncogenic pathways, promoting chronic low-grade inflammation and causing tissue damage. As for SARS-CoV-2, its role as an oncogenic virus seems to occur through the inhibition of oncosuppressors or controlling the metabolic and autophagy pathways in the infected cells. On the other hand, looking at the SARS-CoV-2─cancer relationship from an opposite perspective, oncolytic effects and anti-tumor immune response were triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection in some cases.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 May 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1815
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback