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Topic Review
Network-Level Examination of Correspondence between Human-Brain and ANN
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) that are heavily inspired by the human brain now achieve human-level performance across multiple task domains. ANNs have thus drawn attention in neuroscience, raising the possibility of providing a framework for understanding the information encoded in the human brain. However, the correspondence between ANNs and the brain cannot be measured directly. They differ in outputs and substrates, neurons vastly outnumber their ANN analogs (i.e., nodes), and the key algorithm responsible for most of modern ANN training (i.e., backpropagation) is likely absent from the brain. Neuroscientists have thus taken a variety of approaches to examine the similarity between the brain and ANNs at multiple levels of their information hierarchy.
  • 302
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Essential Oils in Food Safety and Shelf Life
The use of plant extracts (e.g., essential oils and their active compounds) represents an interesting alternative to chemical additives and preservatives applied to delay the alteration and oxidation of foods during their storage. Essential oils (EO) are nowadays considered valuable sources of food preservatives as they provide a healthier alternative to synthetic chemicals while serving the same purpose without affecting food quality parameters. The natural antimicrobial molecules found in medicinal plants represent a possible solution against drug-resistant bacteria, which represent a global health problem, especially for foodborne infections. 
  • 300
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms behind Muscles Growth in Young Subjects
Muscle growth, or muscle hypertrophy, is a complex process regulated by several molecular pathways. The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a vital signaling cascade in muscle growth that involves various interconnected mechanisms. Its activation increases protein synthesis, reduces protein degradation, and improves cell growth. Akt activation is crucial in promoting muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise and nutrient intake in young individuals. The timing of exercise and protein intake also affect Akt activation and subsequent muscle protein synthesis. While exercise alone did not increase Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, protein ingestion afterward did so in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone (GH) promotes the uptake of essential nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, into muscle cells for energy production and protein synthesis. Testosterone is one of the most potent naturally secreted androgenic-anabolic hormones, and its biological effects include promoting muscle growth. 
  • 552
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Associated Diseases of SLC4 Proteins in Human Tissues
The solute carrier family 4 (SLC4) is an important protein responsible for the transport of various ions across the cell membrane and mediating diverse physiological functions, such as the ion transporting function, protein-to-protein interactions, and molecular transduction. The deficiencies in SLC4 molecules may cause multisystem disease involving, particularly, the respiratory system, digestive, urinary, endocrine, hematopoietic, and central nervous systems. 
  • 277
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Modulation of Gut Microbiome for Auditory Disorders
The gut microbiome has been shown to play a pivotal role in health and disease. Recently, there has been increased interest within the auditory community to explore the role of the gut microbiome in the auditory system and its implications for hearing disorders such as sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), otitis media, and tinnitus. Studies have suggested that modulating the gut microbiome using probiotics as well as with diets high in monounsaturated and omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a reduction in inflammation prevalence in auditory disorders. 
  • 308
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria
Antimicrobial resistance is considered a complex problem and a global health concern for both humans and animals. Around 2.8 million human cases of infections by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and 700,000 deaths are reported annually, and this number could reach 10 million by 2050 if antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) is not reduced.
  • 341
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nanoscale Materials for Instrumental Analysis of Mycotoxins
With the continuous development of nanotechnology and materials science, a variety of nanoscale materials have been developed for purifying complex food matrices or providing response signals for accurate and rapid detection of various mycotoxins in foods. Mycotoxins are highly toxic, widely contaminated, and difficult to remove. They can enter and enrich the food chain through foodstuffs and animal-derived products such as meat, milk, and eggs and ultimately penetrate into organisms, causing reproductive abnormalities, immunosuppression, cancer, and other serious diseases, which pose a serious threat to human health.
  • 253
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fertilization of Microbial Composts
Microbial compost plays a crucial role in improving soil health, soil fertility, and plant biomass. These biofertilizers, based on microorganisms, offer numerous benefits such as enhanced nutrient acquisition (N, P, and K), production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and control of pathogens through induced systematic resistance. Additionally, they promote the production of phytohormones, siderophore, vitamins, protective enzymes, and antibiotics, further contributing to soil sustainability and optimal agricultural productivity. 
  • 365
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Uterine Natural Killer Cells
Reproductive immunology is at the forefront of research interests, aiming to better understand the mechanisms of immune regulation during gestation. The relationship between the immune system and the implanting embryo is profound because the embryo is semi-allogenic but not targeted by the maternal immune system, as expected in graft-versus-host reactions. The most prominent cell population at the maternal–fetal interface is the population of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells. Uterine NK cells are two-faced immunologically active cells, bearing comparison with Janus, the ancient Roman god of beginnings and endings. 
  • 229
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation of Plastics
The indiscriminate production and irresponsible management of plastics have led to the accumulation of plastic waste, emerging as a pressing environmental concern. To establish a clean and sustainable plastic economy, plastic recycling becomes imperative to mitigate resource depletion and replace non-eco-friendly processes, such as incineration. Although chemical and mechanical recycling technologies exist, the prevalence of composite plastics in product manufacturing complicates recycling efforts. Biodegradation of plastics using enzymes and microorganisms has been reported, opening a new possibility for biotechnological plastic degradation and bio-upcycling.
  • 430
  • 27 Oct 2023
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