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Topic Review
Colombian Weasel
The Colombian Weasel, scientifically known as Mustela felipei, is a small carnivorous mammal endemic to the cloud forests of the Colombian Andes. This elusive species, also known as the Don Felipe's weasel, is characterized by its slender body, short legs, and distinctively marked fur, typically dark brown with a cream-colored underside. As a vital component of its ecosystem, the Colombian Weasel plays a crucial role as a predator, primarily feeding on small mammals, birds, insects, and fruits, contributing to the balance and diversity of its montane habitat.
  • 189
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pousargues's Mongoose
Pousargues's mongoose (Dologale dybowskii) is a small carnivorous mammal found in the wetlands and forests of central Africa, particularly in the Congo Basin. With a sleek body, short legs, and a long tail, it navigates its habitat with agility, preying on small vertebrates, insects, and occasionally, fruits. Despite its elusive nature and limited research, Pousargues's mongoose plays a vital role in its ecosystem, contributing to the regulation of prey populations and biodiversity maintenance in its range.
  • 295
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ring-tailed Mongoose
The Ring-tailed Mongoose (Galidia elegans) is a small carnivorous mammal native to Madagascar, recognized for its distinctive ringed tail and agile arboreal lifestyle. With a slender body and sharp claws, it navigates the dense forests of Madagascar with ease, preying on a variety of small animals including insects, reptiles, and small mammals. Despite its elusive nature, the Ring-tailed Mongoose plays a significant role in the island's ecosystem dynamics, contributing to predator-prey interactions and biodiversity maintenance.
  • 194
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Indian Gray Mongoose
The Indian Gray Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) is a small carnivorous mammal native to the Indian subcontinent. Known for its sleek gray fur and long, slender body, the Indian Gray Mongoose is highly adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban areas. As a skilled predator, it preys on a diverse range of small animals, including rodents, snakes, birds, and insects, playing a crucial role in controlling pest populations and maintaining ecosystem balance.
  • 262
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Stoat
The Stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the short-tailed weasel, is a small carnivorous mammal belonging to the Mustelidae family. Characterized by its slender body, short legs, and distinctive white winter coat with a black-tipped tail, the stoat is found in various habitats across North America, Europe, and Asia. As an agile predator, the stoat preys on a wide range of small mammals, birds, and insects, utilizing its keen senses and swift movements to hunt and capture its prey.
  • 287
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Seminal Microbiome on Human Fertility
Certain clusters of bacteria have been associated with fertility and health, while the outgrowth of several species is potentially correlated with infertility indicators. This constitutes a compelling reason for outlining the external elements that may induce changes in the seminal microbiome composition, like lifestyle factors, gut microbiota, pathologies, prebiotics, and probiotics.
  • 214
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Plasticity of Human RPE Cells
The retina is a specialized light-sensitive tissue in the eye of mammals and humans that provides visual perception, and is actively studied at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels. Photoreceptor cells located in its outer part perform the function of converting light (phototransduction) into neurochemical signals, which are processed in the neurons of the retina and the brain and ultimately form our vision. Functional support for retinal neurons is provided by retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE cells). The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a single-row layer of pigmented, hexagonal, normally non-proliferating cells located between the choroid and the photoreceptor cells of the retina. The RPE performs many diverse functions to support the retina, including the transepithelial transport of substances, the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments, and a number of processes in the visual cycle, as well as participation in the blood–retinal barrier and secretion of growth factors. The RPE plays an important role in regulating the redox homeostasis of retinal photoreceptors. A few cells have been isolated from the human RPE, which, according to strict clonal analysis and other stem cell criteria (self-renewal and the production of differential progeny), were classified as adult RPE stem cells (RPESCs). The number of  mammalian RPESCs was determined in vitro experiments, from which it became clear that  to 2% of cells are capable of proliferation, self-renewal, and the expression of specific genes characterizing stem cells. Depending on microenvironmental conditions, RPESCs can remain quiescent in a stemness state or exhibit multipotent differentiation. RPESCs can produce RPE cells and are capable of generating different types of photoreceptors and nerve cells, or mesenchymal cells.
  • 143
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Vitamin D Deficiency on Chronic Kidney Disease
Vitamin D has important anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial properties and plays a central role in the host immune response. Due to the crucial role of the kidneys in the metabolism of vitamin D, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to vitamin D deficiency.
  • 150
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Long Terminal Repeat Promoters of Endogenous Retroviruses
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) became a part of the eukaryotic genome through endogenization millions of years ago. Moreover, they have lost their innate capability of virulence or replication. Nevertheless, in eukaryotic cells, they actively engage in various activities that may be advantageous or disadvantageous to the cells. The mechanisms by which transcription is triggered and implicated in cellular processes are complex. Owing to the diversity in the expression of transcription factors (TFs) in cells and the TF-binding motifs of viruses, the comprehensibility of ERV initiation and its impact on cellular functions are unclear. Currently, several factors are known to be related to their initiation. TFs that bind to the viral long-terminal repeat (LTR) are critical initiators. 
  • 98
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle: Subacute Ruminal Acidosis
This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of critical metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). SARA represents a disorder of ruminal fermentation that is characterized by extended periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5–5.6. In the long term, dairy herds experiencing SARA usually exhibit secondary signs of the disease, such as episodes of laminitis, weight loss and poor body condition despite adequate energy intake, and unexplained abscesses usually 3–6 months after an episode of SARA. Depressed milk-fat content is commonly used as a diagnostic tool for SARA. A normal milk-fat test in Holstein dairy cows is >4%, so a milk-fat test of <3% can indicate SARA. However, bulk tank testing of milk fat is inappropriate to diagnose SARA at the herd level, so when >4 cows out of 12 and <60 days in milk are suspected to have SARA it can be considered that the herd has a problem. The rapid or abrupt introduction of fresh cows to high-concentrate diets is the most common cause of SARA. Changes in ruminal bacterial populations when exposed to higher concentrate rations require at least about 3 weeks, and it is recommended that concentrate levels increase by no more than 400 g/day during this period to avoid SARA. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and proactive management strategies to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. The comprehensive nature of this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers seeking a deeper understanding of these prevalent metabolic disorders in dairy cattle.
  • 109
  • 14 Mar 2024
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