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Topic Review
Aging and Its Molecular Mechanism
Aging is a continuous process over time that is mainly related to natural alterations in mechanical–biological processes. This phenomenon is due to several factors, including the time and energy of biological processes. Aging can be attributed to biological factors such as oxidative stress, cell longevity, and stem cell senescence.
  • 2.9K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Aging and Muscle Oxygen Utilization
The cardiovascular and skeletal muscle systems are intrinsically interconnected, sharing the goal of delivering oxygen to metabolically active tissue. Deficiencies within those systems that affect oxygen delivery to working tissues are a hallmark of advancing age. Oxygen delivery and utilization are reflected as muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and are assessed using near-infrared resonance spectroscopy (NIRS). SmO2 has been observed to be reduced by ~38% at rest, ~24% during submaximal exercise, and ~59% during maximal exercise with aging (>65 y).
  • 318
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Aging and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Deficiency
Under normal physiological conditions, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) consumption is matched by its synthesis primarily via the salvage pathway catalyzed by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). However, aging and muscular contraction enhance NAD+ utilization, whereas NAD+ replenishment is limited by cellular sources of NAD+ precursors and/or enzyme expression.
  • 375
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Aging of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
In human blood and immune system, aging is characterized by a decline of innate immunity and regenerative potential of hematopoietic stem cells. This decline is defined at a molecular level in the  hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) compartment. A series of studies have demonstrated that aging of HSPC is induced by an accumulation of senescent cells in the HSPC compartment of the aging human bone marrow. Multi-omics studies have provided evidence that senescent cells are characterized by elevated central carbon metabolism. This property has rendered an enrichment of senescent HSPC for in depth mechanistic studies possible, and in addition has provided novel targets for senolysis therapy strategies. 
  • 507
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Aging of Podospora anserina
Podospora anserina is a filamentous fungus that, in contrast to most other fungi, is characterized by a defined limited lifespan. Already in the 1950s it was reported that this ascomycete develops a well-defined senescence syndrome. Depending on the strain, this syndrome occurs after a defined short period of growth (e.g., after 2–3 weeks): the pigmentation of the peripheral part of the thallus increases while the growth rate decreases until it comes to a complete stop and the thallus dies at the growth front. The molecular basis of aging of P. anserina have been carefully investigated over more than 60 years of research and a network of pathways and their interactions have been uncovered.
  • 502
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Aging Stress Response
Aging induces several stress response pathways to counterbalance detrimental changes associated with this process. These pathways include nutrient signaling, proteostasis, mitochondrial quality control and DNA damage response. At the cellular level, these pathways are controlled by evolutionarily conserved signaling molecules, such as 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and sirtuins, including SIRT1. Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), encoded by the PPARGC1A gene, playing an important role in antioxidant defense and mitochondrial biogenesis, may interact with these molecules influencing lifespan and general fitness. Perturbation in the aging stress response may lead to aging-related disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the main reason for vision loss in the elderly. This is supported by studies showing an important role of disturbances in mitochondrial metabolism, DDR and autophagy in AMD pathogenesis. In addition, disturbed expression of PGC-1α was shown to associate with AMD. Therefore, the aging stress response may be critical for AMD pathogenesis, and further studies are needed to precisely determine mechanisms underlying its role in AMD.
  • 878
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Agonists for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that modulate diverse aspects of development, reproduction, and energy homeostasis. This receptor superfamily includes receptors for vitamin D, steroid hormones, thyroid hormones and retinoids, as well as a large number of orphan receptors. NRs are composed of six functionally distinct regions (termed A to F). The N-terminal AB region is highly variable and contains a constitutionally active transactivation function-1 (AF-1) motif. The central C region (a DNA-binding region) is highly conserved among NRs and contains two zinc finger motifs that make contact with specific nucleotide sequences, termed hormone response elements. The C-terminal D, E and F regions are required for ligand binding and receptor dimerization. In most NRs, these regions also contain a second highly conserved transcriptional activation function-2 (AF-2) motif, which is important for ligand-dependent transcription.
  • 409
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Agri-Food Contexts in Mediterranean Regions
The agri-food frameworks have specific characteristics (production units with small dimensions and in great number with implications in the respective markets) that call for adjusted approaches, even more so when they are considered in Mediterranean contexts (where global warming will have relevant impacts). In fact, the Mediterranean regions and countries have particular specificities (due to their climate conditions) that distinguish them from their neighbours. This is particularly true in Europe, for example, where the southern countries present socioeconomic dynamics (associated with the respective public debt) that are different from those identified in the northern regions.
  • 416
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Agri-Food Waste
Agri-Food Waste (AFW) originates throughout the whole food supply chain, from production to post-harvesting, industrial processing, distribution, domestic processing, and consumption, with wastage volumes differing among phases and food commodities. Conventional management of food waste encompasses production of renewable energy, animal feeds, and compost. Alternative pathways include the valorization of food waste as a source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, to be used as functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals. Drying and size reduction techniques, extraction methods, and fermentation are the main strategies to turn AFW into functional ingredients.
  • 2.7K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Agri-Food Waste from Apple, Pear, and Sugar Beet
Endothelial damage is recognized as the initial step that precedes several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. It has been demonstrated that the best treatment for CVD is prevention, and, in the frame of a healthy lifestyle, the consumption of vegetables, rich in bioactive molecules, appears effective at reducing the risk of CVD. In this context, the large amount of agri-food industry waste, considered a global problem due to its environmental and economic impact, represents an unexplored source of bioactive compounds. The waste matrices of apple, pear, and sugar beet crops can represent promising starting material for producing “upcycled” products with functional applications, such as the prevention of endothelial dysfunction linked to cardiovascular diseases.
  • 502
  • 22 Sep 2022
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