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Topic Review
Action of Eugenol in Cancer
The last decade has seen a breakthrough in the investigations related to the anticancer potential of dietary phytoconstituents. Interestingly, a handsome number of bioactive principles, ranging from phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and terpenoids to organosulphur compounds have been screened for their anticancer properties. Among the phenylpropanoids currently under clinical studies for anticancer activity, eugenol is a promising candidate. Eugenol is effective against cancers like breast, cervical, lung, prostate, melanomas, leukemias, osteosarcomas, gliomas, etc., as evident from preclinical investigations.
  • 399
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Action of lncRNAs Mediated by RBPs in NSCLC
LncRNAs can alter gene expression and/or its functions by acting as miRNA spongers, via a direct interaction of lncRNAs with mRNAs or binding to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs were shown to regulate mRNA expression and stability at the post-transcriptional level. RBPs combine a flexible structure with a versatile RNA-binding domain. These properties allow RBPs to engage in highly dynamic interactions both with other proteins as well as with coding and non-coding RNAs, leading to ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) being formed. RNPs regulate RNA splicing, polyadenylation, stability, localization, translation, and degradation. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lncRNAs can regulate the levels and stability of target mRNAs by binding RBPs to form RNP complexes, as was demonstrated in a number of examples.
  • 137
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Actions of Insulin Expressed in the CNS
The expression of insulin receptors (IR) in the central nervous system (CNS) was first documented almost half a century ago. It is now known that both short (IR-A) and long (IR-B) isoform of this receptor is expressed in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, the brain regions also associated with the production of insulin. In regard to the IR expression at the cellular level, it was shown that, unlike neurons that only express IR-A, astrocytes express both IR-A and IR-B. Ever since the transport of insulin across the BBB and the expression of functional IR in the CNS was documented, attempts have been made to learn more about the effects of insulin on the brain. In line with that, numerous actions of insulin in the CNS have been described so far. It has been known that insulin takes part in controlling food intake and body weight. In addition to that, insulin actions are also essential for proper neuronal development and survival, cognition, brain cholesterol synthesis, hepatic glucose production, lipolysis and lipogenesis, and even reproductive competence. Moreover, it was also shown that impairment in insulin signaling could trigger depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Although new roles of insulin keep emerging, it is still mainly unknown which of them can be attributed to brain-derived and which to pancreatic insulin, or whether their actions in the CNS overlap and to what extent.
  • 245
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells
Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the major cellular drivers of liver fibrosis. Upon liver inflammation caused by a broad range of insults including non-alcoholic fatty liver, HSC transform from a quiescent into a proliferating, fibrotic phenotype.
  • 800
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Active Compounds from Antrodia cinnamomea
Antrodia cinnamomea is a precious and popular edible and medicinal mushroom. It has attracted increasing attention due to its various and excellent bioactivities, such as hepatoprotection, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and gut microbiota regulation properties. To elucidate its bioactivities and develop novel functional foods or medicines, numerous studies have focused on the isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds of A. cinnamomea. 
  • 618
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Active Ingredients and Carriers in Nutritional Eco-Cosmetics
Beauty and personal care became a significant part of the global economy for two reasons: (1) The elderly growing in the global population and (2) the desire of women and men to appear younger and more attractive. Thus, both young and old people are looking for revolutionary nutritional eco-cosmetics (combined use of cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals) manufactured by natural active ingredients, using biopolymers as substrates, and made by innovative and sustainable technologies. Consequently, the market of both cosmetics and diet supplements is continually growing together with the request of natural active ingredients, including bio-peptides and biological macromolecules such as chitin and lignin. Therefore, both consumers and industry need to recover innovative active ingredients and carriers (vehicles), naturally derived and supported by advanced methods for controlling their effectiveness and safeness on skin and mucous membrane layers. The use of selected bio-ingredients, such as hyaluronic acid and bio-mimetic peptides, obtained by advanced, innovative and sustainable bio nanotechnologies, will be of interest to develop smart cosmeceutical and nutraceutical formulations. Innovation is considered the key business strategy to drive sustainable economic growth. For trying to reduce waste and produce sustainable, biodegradable and innovative products, the realization of new non-woven tissues, used as carriers for making innovative cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals was considered. Both carriers and active ingredients have been obtained from food waste to reduce loss and pollution.
  • 491
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Active Ingredients and Medicinal Properties of Medicinal Mushrooms
Fruiting bodies, mycelia, or spores in the form of extracts or powder of various medicinal mushrooms are used to prevent, treat, or cure a range of ailments and balance a healthy diet. Medicinal mushrooms are found in several genera of fungi and their fruit bodies, cultured mycelia, and cultured broth contains phytochemical constituents such as triterpenes, lectins, steroids, phenols, polyphenols, lactones, statins, alkaloids, and antibiotics. Edible mushrooms are considered functional foods that can be used as supplements for complementary and alternative medicines where the markets are growing rapidly. Several species of edible mushrooms possess therapeutic potential and functional characteristics. The psilocybin-containing types, sometimes known as magic mushrooms, have been utilized for generations by indigenous communities due to their hallucinogenic, medicinal, and mind-manifestation properties.
  • 812
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Active Transport and Solute Transporters
A phospholipid membrane covers all living cells, forming an impenetrable barrier circumvented by solute transporters in the cell membrane. These proteins comprise energy-requiring systems, called active transporters, and those not requiring energy, called passive transporters. The major facilitator superfamily harbors thousands of transport proteins found in all living organisms, from bacteria to humans. Alignments of multiple amino acid sequences uncovered highly conserved sequence motifs are known to play important functional roles. One of these conserved sequences, the antiporter sequence motif or motif C, participates in the molecular mechanism of antimicrobial efflux in cancer cells and bacterial pathogens.
  • 441
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Activin B - Biomaker of ME/CFS
Reliable serum biomarkers are of immense need for diagnostic purposes of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)—a disabling and complex disease for which diagnosis is mainly based on clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible diagnostic potential of activin B by directly comparing 134 cases of ME/CFS with 54 healthy controls. Analyses of human activin B level in plasma samples were performed using a validated human activin B ELISA assay. 
  • 454
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Activities of Interleukin-12 Family during Virus Infections
The interleukin (IL)-12 family consists of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are able to signal the activation of host antiviral immunity while preventing over-reactive immune reactions due to active virus replication and viral clearance. 
  • 219
  • 20 Apr 2023
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