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Topic Review
Spironolactone and XPB
Spironolactone (SP) is commonly used for the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, and complications of cirrhosis by antagonizing the mineralocorticoid receptor. However, SP also antagonizes the androgen receptor, and thus SP has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of acne, hair loss, and hirsutism in women. Interestingly, recent drug repurposing screens have identified new and diverse functions for SP as a simulator of tumor immunosurveillance and as an inhibitor of DNA repair and viral infection. These novel pharmacological effects of SP have all been linked to the ability of SP to induce the rapid proteolytic degradation of the xeroderma pigmentosum group B (XPB) protein. XPB is a critical enzymatic component of the multi-subunit complex known as transcription factor II-H (TFIIH), which plays essential roles in both DNA repair and the initiation of transcription. Given the critical functions for XPB and TFIIH in these processes, the loss of XPB by SP could lead to mutagenesis. However, the ability of SP to promote cancer stem cell death and facilitate immune recognition may counteract the negative consequences of SP to mitigate carcinogenic risk. Thus, SP appears to have new and interesting pharmacological effects that may extend its potential uses.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Small-Molecule Therapeutic for Progeria Treatment
Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), or progeria, is an extremely rare disorder that belongs to the class of laminopathies, diseases characterized by alterations in the genes that encode for the lamin proteins or for their associated interacting proteins. In particular, progeria is caused by a point mutation in the gene that codifies for the lamin A gene. This mutation ultimately leads to the biosynthesis of a mutated version of lamin A called progerin, which accumulates abnormally in the nuclear lamina. This accumulation elicits several alterations at the nuclear, cellular, and tissue levels that are phenotypically reflected in a systemic disorder with important alterations, mainly in the cardiovascular system, bones, skin, and overall growth, which results in premature death at an average age of 14.5 years. Unlike the majority of the rare diseases, it has, since November 2020, a specific FDA approved drug, lonafarnib. However, this small molecule represents a treatment, but it does not cure the disease, and it has several limitations that make the development of new therapeutic strategies a critical need in the field. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biofilm
A biofilm is a community of microorganisms, especially bacteria, that maintains an organized and structured strategy for growing and proliferating on any surface for their survival. The organization of the cells among the bacteria in the biofilm has primarily been revealed by examining single species. The survival of the bacteria present in the biofilm is feasible because of their orientation in the form of microcolonies, which are encapsulated in the extracellular polymeric substance of the matrix. These are separated by open water channels that serve as the primordial circulatory system for the transportation of nutrients and the disposal of metabolic waste products. All the specific bacteria maintain a microenvironment controlling the pH, nutrient availability, and temperature, which influence the biofilm growth. Biofilm maturation is a multi-stage developmental process with distinct characteristics that should be taken into account when developing antibiotic treatment regimens for biofilms. Biofilms have been extensively accepted as one of the main causes responsible for human diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Avian Leukosis VIrus (ALV)
Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) have been virtually eradicated from commercial poultry. However, some niches remain as pockets from which this group of viruses may reemerge and induce economic losses. Such is the case of fancy, hobby, backyard chickens and indigenous or native breeds, which are not as strictly inspected as commercial poultry and which have been found to harbor ALVs. In addition, relics of ancient infections by ALV remain in the genome of birds, with which ALV may recombine and generate new viruses.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dairy Products through the Addition of Microalgae
Microalgae are prokaryotic or eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms which have the ability to grow fast and to live under conditions not favorable to other species. They are attracting increasing attention, as their incorporation in foods and beverages can be a promising strategy to develop sustainable foods with improved nutritional profiles and a strong positive impacts on health. Despite the increasing market demand in plant-based foods, the popularity of fermented dairy foods has increased in the recent years since they are a source of microorganisms with health-promoting effects. In this context, the incorporation of microalgae in cheeses, fermented milks and other dairy products represents an interesting approach towards the development of innovative and added-value hybrid products based on animal proteins and enriched with vegetable origin ingredients recognized as extremely valuable sources of bioactive compounds.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.)
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn.) is a multipurpose crop suitable to Mediterranean environments.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Receptor-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway
Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death which has an important role in tissue and organ homeostasis and in the control of organism development. Two main signaling pathways are involved in regulation of apoptosis: the mitochondrial dependent intrinsic pathway and death receptor dependent extrinsic pathway. The receptors are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF).The extrinsic apoptotic pathway triggers apoptosis by binding of ligands to death receptors, which leads to formation of a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and in consequence, caspase activation. This pathway and its subpathways and regulatory factors and linkages to the other cellular signaling events are briefly presented.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Biography
Robert Pohl
Robert Wichard Pohl (10 August 1884 – 5 June 1976) was a German physicist at the University of Göttingen. Nevill Francis Mott described him as the "father of solid state physics". Göttingen, City Cemetery: The gravestone of Prof. Robert Wichard Pohl and his father-in-law, Prof. Otto Wilhelm Madelung, as well as their wives, Tussa Madelung Pohl and Ottilie Franziska Madelung, and t
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Capsaicinoids and Capsiate in Pepper
Capsaicinoids and capsinoids, which are bioactive compounds of interest, are  responsible for the level of pungency of chili peppers, which is one of their most important commercial traits. Both capsaicinoids and capsinoids have received great attention from consumers because of their extensive pharmacological and physiological effects, i.e., antitumor, antioxidant, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Melatonin in Wine and Beer
Melatonin is a hormone secreted in the pineal gland with several functions, especially regulation of circadian sleep cycle and the biological processes related to it. This review evaluates the bioavailability of melatonin and resulting metabolites, the presence of melatonin in wine and beer and factors that influence it, and finally the different benefits related to treatment with melatonin. When administered orally, melatonin is mainly absorbed in the rectum and the ileum; it has a half-life of about 0.45–1 h and is extensively inactivated in the liver by phase 2 enzymes. Melatonin (MEL) concentration varies from picograms to ng/mL in fermented beverages such as wine and beer, depending on the fermentation process. These low quantities, within a dietary intake, are enough to reach significant plasma concentrations of melatonin, and are thus able to exert beneficial effects. Melatonin has demonstrated antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective actions. These benefits are related to its free radical scavenging properties as well and the direct interaction with melatonin receptors, which are involved in complex intracellular signaling pathways, including inhibition of angiogenesis and cell proliferation, among others. In the present review, the current evidence on the effects of melatonin on different pathophysiological conditions is also discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2021
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