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Topic Review
Fluorescent Protein-Based Autophagy Biosensors
Autophagy is an important cellular process of self-degradation for dysfunctional or unnecessary molecules and organelles, thus dysregulation of autophagy can be involved in various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases. To understand complex process of autophagy and the related diseases, various methods have been developed, for example biochemical, chemical, and imaging assays. In particular, fluorescent protein (FP)-based autophagy biosensors allow sensitive and selective monitoring of autophagy progression in live cells. After the discovery of green fluorescent protein (GFP), a variety of FPs has been discovered and engineered which have different physicochemical properties, such as excitation/emission spectra, Stokes shift, maturation rate, stability, photo-reactivity and pH-sensitivity. Advances in fluorescent protein technology and FP-based biosensors enabled the real-time monitoring of cellular and molecular events in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolutions.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Citrus Canker
Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, a causative agent of the citrus canker (CC) disease, belongs to one of the essential groups of the bacterial phytopathogen family, Xanthomonadaceae. It has been a potential threat to the globally significant citrus fruit crop, which has remained under investigation for disease management and epidemiology since the 1980s. In Pakistan, the average yield of citrus is 11 t/ha, which is lower than other countries, including China, Brazil, and India, having average productions of 27, 26, and 22 tons/hectare, respectively. Citrus canker is one of the most devastating diseases, posing a significant threat to crop yield and fruit quality. To date, five distinct types (or forms) of the citrus canker have been recognized; the Asiatic (Canker A) form is most destructive and affects most citrus cultivars. Severe infection outcomes include dieback, defoliation, severely blemished fruit, premature fruit drop, and reduced fruit quality. The infection increases under humid, warm, cloudy climate, wind, and heavy rainfall.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Forest Reproductive Material Quality
More than two billion hectares worldwide offer opportunities for restoration. The need to accelerate reforestation programmes is caused by global climate change and human impacts. There is no consensus in the scientific community as to what goals to pursue in the implementation of programs and what methods to use to achieve the goals. Confusing terminology in the field of world reforestation, conflicting research makes it necessary to establish the basic quality criteria. The impact of the quality of forest reproductive material on reforestation cannot be underestimated. Definition of forest reproduction material (FRM) quality should be project specific, because seed and seedling quality attributes targeted and desirable for one site, could be unsuitable for others. Seed size and germinability have the strongest effect on plant performance, both in nursery and on the field. Root collar diameter is the single most useful seedling morphological attribute. The most important quality attributes of seed and seedling can be improved by simple techniques and practices. In a long term, the genetic aspect of FRM quality have a decisive role and any restoration program should be based on proper seed source to site matching, with maintaining the wide genetic diversity. In any restoration program, imperative should be the use of FRM with targeted quality attributes: physical, morphological, physiological, and genetic. Meeting demands for huge quantities of FRM, should not be at the cost of quality.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mobile DNA
Mobile DNA is DNA that able to move to new locations throughout the genome. This process of movement is often called transposion, and the mobile DNA, transposons. Some mobile DNAs move by different mechanisms to transposons, but have similarities.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Characteristics of Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble organic micronutrient that helps to preserve human health. Its main function is likely that of a radical scavenger protecting biological membranes from lipid peroxidation. Vegetable oils, such as wheat germ, sunflower, corn germ, soybean, and rapeseed, are the primary dietary source of vitamin E for humans. It is also found in some nuts, fruits, and vegetables, such as almonds, avocados, spinach, and kale.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Duck
Duck is the common name for numerous species in the waterfowl family Anatidae which also includes swans and geese. Ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the family Anatidae; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species) but a form taxon, since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, mostly smaller than the swans and geese, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chloroflexi (Phylum)
The Chloroflexi or Chlorobacteria are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis (green non-sulfur bacteria); and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors. Most bacteria, in terms of diversity, are diderms and stain gram-negative, notable exceptions being Firmicutes (low G+C gram-positives), Actinobacteria (high-G+C gram-positives) and the Deinococcus–Thermus group (gram-positive diderms with thick peptidoglycan). In contrast, the members of the phylum Chloroflexi are monoderms, but stain mostly gram-negative.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Marine Actinomycetes
The phylum Actinomycetota (Actinobacteria) is one of the main branches or lineages of bacteria gifted with antibiotic producing capabilities. Marine actinomycetes are emerging as a promising candidate for bioactive metabolites, encompassing very complex compounds with pharmacological activities. Genomic insights of marine actinomycetes further revealed their immense biosynthetic potential. Cultivation and fermentation of marine actinomycetes requires expertise on their physiological characteristics and optimum growth conditions or requirements. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Pain
Chronic pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that persists or recurs more than three months and may extend beyond the expected time of healing. Chronic pain occurs as a part of symptoms due to an underlying medical condition or remains despite successful treatment of the condition that originally caused it.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Forest Volatile Organic Compounds
This article provides a biochemical description of forest Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs), namely any organic substance, except carbon dioxide and monoxide, mostly emitted by plants and having vapor pressure high enough to be vaporized in relevant amounts into the forest air. An estimation of the average contribution of forests to the atmospheric composition is mentioned. Additionally, a brief analysis of functional roles that BVOCs play for plant physiology and forest ecology is reported, including the importance of non-tree-derived BVOCs. Finally, biochemical pathways leading to the natural production of most forest BVOCs are described.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Feb 2021
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