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Topic Review
Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia, usually defined as serum sodium concentration < 135 mEq/L, is the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered both in hospitalized patients and in the general population and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was first established as a life-saving approach for nutritional support in infants in 1968. Originally, the solution contained only dextrose, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins, as there were no suitable lipid solutions. To overcome this limitation, plasma was given to provide essential fatty acids. However, high carbohydrate administration during TPN can increase hepatic de novo lipogenesis and may predispose individuals to hyperglycemia, so the initial formulations were not ideal. Lipid emulsions were created to supply the necessary essential fatty acids to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) and to the meet energy and growth needs. While the provision of TPN containing lipid emulsions has successfully reduced the overall mortality of premature infants and infants that are intractable to enteral feeding, there have been a number of diseases that have arisen from its use. Despite line infections and sepsis being the most common issues with TPN, more complex diseases can arise during TPN use. Cholestatic liver disease historically has been among the common TPN related morbidities in infants.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sourdough Bread Fermentation and Probiotics
Sourdough fermentation is an ancient technique to ferment cereal flour that improves bread quality, bringing nutritional and health benefits. The fermented dough has a complex microbiome composed mainly of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. During fermentation, the production of metabolites and chemical reactions occurs, giving the product unique characteristics and high sensory quality. Mastery of fermentation allows gluten levels to adjust, delay starch digestibility, and increase the bio-accessibility of vitamins and minerals. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Helleborus
Commonly known as hellebores (/ˈhɛlɪbɔːrz/), the Eurasian genus Helleborus consists of approximately 20 species of herbaceous or evergreen perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, within which it gave its name to the tribe of Helleboreae. Despite names such as "winter rose", "Christmas rose" and "Lenten rose", hellebores are not closely related to the rose family (Rosaceae). Many hellebore species are poisonous.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Endocannabinoid System (ECS)
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an essential signaling system in mammal physiology regulating several biological and disease conditions. ECS’s three main components are (i) cannabinoids receptors (CBR) CBR-1 and CBR-2; (ii) signaling molecules that are lipid-based termed the “endocannabinoids” (EC), endogenous ligands of the CBRs; and (iii) enzymes responsible for synthesizing and degrading ECs. ECS regulates multiple physiological processes, such as brain plasticity and neuronal development, cell death, inflammation, sleep, appetite, pain, and anxiety.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Acrylamide in Bakery Products
Acrylamide is a contaminant as defined in Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 and as such, it is considered a chemical hazard in the food chain. The toxicity of acrylamide has been acknowledged since 2002, among its toxicological effects on humans being neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. Acrylamide has been classified as carcinogenic in the 2A group, with human exposure leading to progressive degeneration of the peripheral and central nervous systems characterized by cognitive and motor abnormalities. Bakery products (bread, crispbread, cakes, batter, breakfast cereals, biscuits, pies, etc.) are some of the major sources of dietary acrylamide.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Bacillus Species and Heavy Metals
 Heavy metals are one of the major pollutants that contribute to the escalating problem of environmental pollution, being primarily introduced in sensitive ecological habitats through industrial effluents, wastewater, as well as sewage of various industries. Microbial bioremediation, particularly the use of bacteria, has gained attention due to the feasibility and efficiency of using them in removing heavy metals from contaminated environments. Bacteria have several methods of processing heavy metals through general resistance mechanisms, biosorption, adsorption, and efflux mechanisms. Bacillus spp. are model Gram-positive bacteria that have been studied extensively for their biosorption abilities and molecular mechanisms that enable their survival as well as their ability to remove and detoxify heavy metals.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Bile Acids
Bile acids (BAs) are facial amphiphiles synthesized in the body of all vertebrates.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
The nuclear receptor superfamily comprises a large group of proteins with functions essential for cell signaling, survival, and proliferation. There are multiple distinctions between nuclear superfamily classes defined by hallmark differences in function, ligand binding, tissue specificity, and DNA binding. In this review, we utilize the initial classification system, which defines subfamilies based on structure and functional difference. The defining feature of the nuclear receptor superfamily is that these proteins function as transcription factors. The loss of transcriptional regulation or gain of functioning of these receptors is a hallmark in numerous diseases. For example, in prostate cancer, the androgen receptor is a primary target for current prostate cancer therapies. Targeted cancer therapies for nuclear hormone receptors have been more feasible to develop than others due to the ligand availability and cell permeability of hormones. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Waterlogging Impacts on Crop Growth
Waterlogging has the greatest impact on photosynthesis, followed by phenology and leaf expansion, suggesting a need for improved equations linking waterlogging to carbon assimilation. In agricultural fields, soil waterlogging can occur for many reasons. These may include excessive rainfall or irrigation, poor soil drainage, rising or perched water tables, as well as lateral surface or subsurface flows. This may lead to reduced oxygen within soil pores, causing reduced growth and, sometimes, crop death. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Sep 2022
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