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Topic Review
Animal Foods' Lactic Acid Bacteria
A variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, which are either part of the autochthonous microbiota or introduced into animal products, have potential beneficial applications for the preservation of such products and/or for consumer health. Many foods obtained from fermented products of animal origin, such as meat, fish, and dairy, contain living microorganisms that are phylogenetically similar to probiotic LAB as part of the microbiota that directs their fermentation process and is responsible for their unique character. Fermented foods, such as cultured milk, yogurt, cheese, fermented sausage, and certain types of wine, are obtained through enzymatic reactions resulting from controlled microbial growth, in which the main microbial effectors comprise, primarily, LAB and their metabolites.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria: Model Microorganisms and Beyond
Cyanobacteria, also formerly called “blue-green algae”, are photosynthetic prokaryotes with ~3500 million years of existence on the planet earth. They live in a diverse range of environments, from freshwater and marine to terrestrial ecosystems. Cyanobacteria can tolerate and live in the most extreme habitats including geothermal habitats, frozen systems, and hypersaline environments.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Entomopathogenic Fungi
Numerous fungal microorganisms are pathogenic for many insect and nematode species and are able to control the natural populations of these by limiting their spread. There are more than one thousand species that infect and parasitize insects. Entomopathogenic Hypocreales are opportunistic pathogens highly adapted to infect insects and mites as a result of adaptations developed over time, such as the ability to overcome the host’s immune system defenses and the production of cuticular enzymes and degrading substances. They are globally and widely distributed in nature, ubiquitous across all environmental matrices, and can be easily grown in mass.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Morphology of the Spleen in Oreochromis niloticus
The spleen is a separate organ of the teleost, playing an essential role in immune reactions. The morphology of the spleen is different from the fish species. Little knowledge about the spleen structure and the blood splenic barrier (BSB) in Nile tilapia has been reported. The present study showed that the spleen of Nile tilapia could be portioned into three subregions, and the BSB lay in the middle layer, composed of the cuboidal-shaped endotheliocytes and the surrounding reticular fibers of the ellipsoid capillaries. Our results enriched the research of immune tissues and system in tilapia and provided reference for the study of spleen in other fish species.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Thermal Denaturation of Milk Whey Proteins: Rapid Quantification
Heat treatment of milk signifies a certain degree of protein denaturation, which modifies the functional properties of dairy products. Traditional methods for detecting and quantifying the denaturation of whey proteins are slow, complex and require sample preparation and qualified staff. The world’s current trend is to develop rapid, real-time analytical methods that do not destroy the sample and can be applied on/in-line during processing.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
DNA Repair Pathways in Folate Deficiency and NTDs
DNA repair pathways are essential for ensuring normal DNA synthesis, genomic stability, and integrity, which are required for a multitude of cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and the development of tissues and organs. Defects or inappropriateness in DNA repair pathways are associated with detrimental health effects, including birth defects, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. DNA repair genes are over-expressed at the early stages of normal embryonic development in order to reduce possible replication errors and genotoxic damage. The occurrence of NTDs may be related to the abnormality or deletion of various DNA repair pathways. Due to the link between folate deficiency and NER not being particularly evident, the progress of DNA repair pathways (BER, MMR, DSBR) and NTDs with folate deficiency was reviewed here.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Collagen Fibrils
Collagen fibrils are dissected from collagen rich tissues, such as rat tail tendons. Tissue samples such as tendons are sectioned with scalpels and washed with deionized water or phosphate-buffered saline. Subsequently, bundles of collagen fibers are collected with tweezers and then deposited on clean substrates such as microscope glass slides.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Podophyllotoxin
Podophyllotoxin is an aryltetralin-type lignan isolated from species of Podophyllum. Two most common sources are the rhizomes of Podophyllum peltatum (American mayapple) and Sinopodophyllum hexandrum Royle (Barberry family). The podophyllotoxin extract has been documented for its use as a laxative, and as a remedy for various medical complications such as gonorrhea, tuberculosis, menstrual disorders, psoriasis, dropsy, cough, syphilis and venereal warts.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
DNA Glycosylases
DNA glycosylases are a set of enzymes responsible for initiating the base excision repair pathway thereby contributing to the maintenance of the genome. They are responsible for the eradication of the vast number of small, non-helical-distorting base lesions from the genome, resulting from oxidative, alkylating, and deamination events, induced by environmental factors such as ionizing radiation, endogenous factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), or anticancer agents such chemotherapeutic drugs or radiotherapy. Because of their key role in DNA repair, they are now considered as potential anti-cancer drug targets and efforts are being made worldwide to identify potent inhibitors of these enzymes that could be used to potentiate classical chemo- or radio-therapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Protoplasts
Plants are sessile organisms that have a remarkable developmental plasticity, which ensures their optimal adaptation to environmental stresses. Plant cell totipotency is an extreme example of such plasticity, whereby somatic cells have the potential to form plants via direct shoot organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis in response to various exogenous and/or endogenous signals. Protoplasts provide one of the most suitable systems for investigating molecular mechanisms of the plant cell totipotency, because they are effectively single cell populations. The term protoplast originates from the ancient Greek word prōtóplastos, which means “first-formed”, and refers to a cell without a cell wall. Protoplasts represent a powerful tool to study the mechanisms that induce cell proliferation from individual, differentiated somatic cells, enabling successful reprogramming of plant cells when cultured in vitro.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
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