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Topic Review
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Broiler Breeders
Poultry meat is one of the major animal protein sources necessary to meet the global protein demand. Sustainability in broiler production is the key to achieving its continuous supply, and broiler breeders play a critical role in maintaining this sustainability by providing good quality chicks. Colibacillosis, the disease caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry globally. Moreover, APEC causes an additional burden among broiler breeders, such as a decrease in egg production and mortality among these birds. There is vertical transmission of APEC to the broiler chicks through eggs, resulting in increased first-week mortality and subsequent horizontal transmission at the hatchery. 
  • 119
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Phytophthora infestans Populations in Tomato/Potato Isolates in Thailand
Late blight, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most important diseases affecting tomato and potato production worldwide. In Thailand, the disease is widespread in the north and northeast, especially in the Chiang-Mai and Tak provinces. The mating type, metalaxyl sensitivity, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype, RG57 fingerprinting, and microsatellite were used to characterize the P. infestans populations. Studies revealed that the P. infestans of tomato isolates in Thailand are of the same lineage as those from 1994 until 2002. The clonal lineages that were found in the potato populations have changed since 1994. The changes in P. infestans isolates in the potato populations have likely been the result of the import of seed potatoes to Thailand. Furthermore, the P. infestans populations in potatoes show resistance to metalaxyl, whereas those from tomato isolates show sensitivity to fungicides. The reasons for the different responses can be attributed to (i) the use of metalaxyl, (ii) the host preferences of P. infestans, and (iii) the migration of new genotypes from infected potato seeds.
  • 130
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mycotoxins in Groundnuts and Tree Nuts
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced as secondary metabolites by certain types of filamentous fungi under specific conditions. The contamination of nuts and nut-related products with mycotoxins is a significant global concern due to their severe consequences on human health, including carcinogenicity and immunosuppression. Aflatoxins, with a particular emphasis on aflatoxin B1, are the most common and toxic mycotoxins found in human food. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is known to be highly toxic and carcinogenic.
  • 334
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Production of Antibiotics in Fungi
The natural fermentation of antibiotics, along with semi-synthetic and synthetic approaches, is one of the most important methods for their production. The majority of the antibiotic market comes from the fermentation of high-yielding (HY) fungal strains. These strains have been obtained since the 1950s from wild-type (WT) isolates as a result of classical strain improvement (CSI) programs primarily involving multi-round random mutagenesis and screening.
  • 321
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Bee Products for Poultry and Rabbits
Poultry and rabbit production are important and rapidly growing agricultural subsectors, particularly in several developing countries. To ensure the sustainability of poultry and rabbit production, realistic poultry and rabbit farming practices must be improved. Apitherapy is a traditional alternative medicine that involves the prevention and treatment of some diseases with several bee products including propolis, royal jelly, pollen, and venom. More feeding investigations on the numerous benefits of bee products for poultry and rabbits are crucial to be addressed. Poultry and rabbit production has recently experienced numerous challenges, including climate change, disease spread, and antibiotic misuse. Improving animal welfare, health, and production is a top priority for all livestock farms, as is supplying consumers with safe and healthy products. 
  • 134
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogel as Delivery System in Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological injury caused by traffic accidents, trauma, or falls, which leads to significant loss of sensory, motor, and autonomous functions and seriously affects the patient’s life quality. Although considerable progress has been made in mitigating secondary injury and promoting the regeneration/repair of SCI, the therapeutic effects need to be improved due to drug availability. Given their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, injectable hydrogels can be used as delivery systems to achieve controlled release of drugs and other substances (cells and proteins, etc.), offering new hope for SCI repair. 
  • 114
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
mtUPR for the Treatment of Mitochondrial Diseases
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular functions, including energy production and oxidative stress regulation. For this reason, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and proteostasis (homeostasis of the proteome) is essential for cellular health. Therefore, there are different mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, such as mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs), mitophagy, or mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR). The last item is a stress response that occurs when stress is present within mitochondria and, especially, when the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix surpasses the folding capacity of the mitochondrion. In response to this, molecular chaperones and proteases as well as the mitochondrial antioxidant system are activated to restore mitochondrial proteostasis and cellular function. In disease contexts, mtUPR modulation holds therapeutic potential by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, such as primary mitochondrial diseases, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Friedreich’s Ataxia (FA), there is a wealth of evidence demonstrating that the modulation of mtUPR helps to reduce neurodegeneration and its associated symptoms in various cellular and animal models. 
  • 332
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
FABP1,  FABP2 and FABP3
Fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a class of low-molecular-weight intracellular proteins that play a role as a transporter by binding to hydrophobic ligands, typically fatty acids, with different affinities, and are involved in the metabolism of these fatty acids (FAs). These hydrophobic ligands include, but are not limited to, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosanoids, and other lipids. FABPs have been shown to be important in modulating lipid metabolism, gene regulation, and signal transmission. They have been thought of as the key mediators in the metabolic and inflammatory processes.
  • 203
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Noninfectious Causes of Late Embryonic/Early Fetal Losses
Pregnancy loss at any developmental stage affects the reproductive efficiency of cattle both at the individual and herd levels. In dairy cows, negative effects on milk production along with the increased antibiotic usage associated with pregnancy loss can have dramatic consequences on herd economy. Pregnancy loss during late embryonic and early fetal development can affect up to 20% of animals within a dairy cattle herd, so regular screening and pregnancy maintenance protocols are mandatory as it is important to identify animals at risk of losing their pregnancy after its diagnosis.
  • 234
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Wheat Resistance to Leaf Rust
Wheat leaf rust, caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina Eriks. (Pt), is one of the most common wheat foliar diseases that continuously threatens global wheat production. Currently, the approaches used to mitigate pathogen infestation include the application of fungicides and the deployment of resistance genes or cultivars. However, the continuous deployment of selected resistant varieties causes host selection pressures that drive Pt evolution and promote the incessant emergence of new virulent races, resulting in the demise of wheat-resistant cultivars after several years of planting. Intriguingly, diploid wheat accessions were found to confer haustorium formation-based resistance to leaf rust, which involves prehaustorial and posthaustorial resistance mechanisms. 
  • 130
  • 18 Dec 2023
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