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Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of IL18 in Disease
Interleukin 18 (IL18) was originally identified as an inflammation-induced cytokine that is secreted by immune cells. An increasing number of studies have focused on its non-immunological functions, with demonstrated functions for IL18 in energy homeostasis and neural stability. IL18 is reportedly required for lipid metabolism in the liver and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, IL18 (Il18) deficiency in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal cells, resulting in depressive-like symptoms and cognitive impairment. 
  • 322
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Enhanced Digestibility and Nutrient Utilization with Chitinase
The aquaculture industry is looking for sustainable alternatives to conventional fish meals in fish feed, and insect-based meals are proving to be a promising solution. These meals are nutritionally optimal as they have a high protein content and an ideal amino acid profile. However, the presence of chitin, a component of the insect exoskeleton in these meals presents both an opportunity and a challenge. Chitosan, a derivative of chitin, is known to improve the physiological functions of fish, including growth, immunity, and disease resistance. While chitin and its derivative chitosan offer several physiological benefits, their presence can affect the digestibility of feed in some fish species, making the inclusion of insect-based meals in aquafeeds complex. Chitinase, an enzyme that breaks down chitin, is being investigated as a potential solution to improve the nutritional value of insect meals in aquafeed.
  • 192
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Human Papillomavirus Impact on Sperm
Increasing attention has been paid to understanding the causes of infertility, which is being recognized as a growing health problem affecting large numbers of couples worldwide. Male infertility is a contributing factor in approximately 30–40% of cases, and one of its etiological causes is sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Among sexually transmitted pathogens, human papillomavirus (HPV) can contribute in various ways to the failure of spontaneous and assisted reproduction, acting in the different phases of conception, especially in the early ones. In particular, HPV infection can affect sperm DNA integrity, sperm motility, count, viability, and morphology and can induce the production of anti-sperm antibodies (ASAs).
  • 155
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Salt and Drought Stress Effects on Populus euphratica
Water is a vital resource in the agricultural systems of countries impacted by aridity and salinity. Worldwide efforts to reduce quantitative yield losses on Populus euphratica by adapting tree plant production to unfavorable environmental conditions have been made in response to the responsiveness of the increasing control of water stress. Although there has been much advancement in identifying the genes that resist abiotic stresses, little is known about how plants such as P. euphratica deal with numerous abiotic stresses. P. euphratica is a varied riparian plant that can tolerate drought, salinity, low temperatures, and climate change, and has a variety of water stress adaptability abilities.
  • 225
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Harvest Sprouting Trait in Vegetable Crop Seeds
Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a botanical occurrence during which seeds germinate on the plant before harvest without, or after, a short dormancy. Vegetables are rich in essential nutrients that contribute to maintaining human health and fulfilling our nutritional requirements. Vegetable crops often face the challenge of PHS, which can significantly influence the economic viability and the quantity of high-quality vegetable seeds produced.
  • 272
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gene-Based Methods for Feline Induced Sterilization
Feline population control remains a concern as to whether it is intended for the short- or long-term. Gene-based sterilization refers to the use of genetic manipulation to control reproductive processes and induce infertility or sterility. Gene therapy sterilization is taking its first steps in product development and in vivo testing, although no established method has yet been approved for widespread use. Gene-based therapy represents the promise of durable clinical benefits to complex human diseases and brought significant progress in the medical field.
  • 147
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Rhizobium
Nitrogen fixation has the potential to address the global protein shortage by increasing nitrogen supply in agriculture. However, the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to environmental consequences and high energy consumption. To promote sustainable agriculture, alternative approaches such as biofertilizers that utilize biological nitrogen fixation have been introduced to minimize ecological impact. Understanding the process of biological nitrogen fixation, where certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This knowledge helps reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers and maintain soil fertility. The symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and leguminous plants plays a vital role in sustainable agriculture by facilitating access to atmospheric nitrogen, improving soil fertility, and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.
  • 548
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of Macronutrients during Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin resistance is an important feature of metabolic syndrome and a precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Overnutrition-induced obesity is a major risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. The intake of macronutrients plays a key role in maintaining energy balance. The components of macronutrients distinctly regulate insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Precisely adjusting the beneficial food compound intake is important for the prevention of insulin resistance and T2DM. 
  • 150
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Allergenic and Anti-Allergenic Antibodies in Food Allergy
Food allergies are a growing public health concern worldwide, especially in children and young adults. Allergen-specific IgE plays a central role in the pathogenesis of food allergies, but their titers poorly correlate with allergy development. Host immune systems yield allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG subclasses with low or high affinities and differential Fc N-glycosylation patterns that can affect the allergic reaction to food in multiple ways. High-affinity IgE is required to induce strong mast cell activation eventually leading to allergic anaphylaxis, while low-affinity IgE can even inhibit the development of clinically relevant allergic symptoms. IgA and IgG antibodies can inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell activation through various mechanisms, thereby protecting IgE-positive individuals from allergy development. The production of IgE and IgG with differential allergenic potential seems to be affected by the signaling strength of individual B cell receptors, and by cytokines from T cells. 
  • 180
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Luteolin in Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Polyphenols, a class of flavonoids, are secondary metabolites that play a crucial role in plant adaptation to both biotic and abiotic environments, including UV radiation, high light intensity, low/high temperatures, and attacks from pathogens, among others.
  • 136
  • 19 Dec 2023
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