Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Diabesity and Dietary Interventions
Diabesity, the intersection of obesity and diabetes, presents a global health crisis with profound implications. Addressing diabesity requires multifaceted strategies, with diet playing a pivotal role. 
  • 165
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Analysis of Microplastics in Agricultural Matrices
Microplastics (MPs) are small plastic particles that are less than 5 mm in size, and they have become a significant environmental concern due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment.
  • 209
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
NF-κB in Microglia/Macrophages of GBM and AD
Microglia and macrophages are pivotal to the brain’s innate immune response and have garnered considerable attention in the context of glioblastoma (GBM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research.  The NF-κB pathway, first identified in 1986 by Sen and Baltimore, plays a pivotal role in the immune response, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Its molecular architecture includes five DNA-binding members: REL (c-REL), RELA (p65), RELB, NF-κB1 (p50), and NF-κB2 (p52), with the unique attribute of NF-κB2 (p52) lacking transactivation domains. NF-κB signaling encompasses three distinct pathways: canonical, non-canonical, and atypical, each with unique activation mechanisms and cellular responses. Through multiple graphic depictions, the reference clearly presented the traditional pathways and components of NF-κB. The canonical pathway, generally activated by microbial infections or pro-inflammatory cytokines, involves the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IκB proteins by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, releasing p65/p50 NF-κB dimers for nuclear translocation and transcription activation. The non-canonical pathway, selectively activated by receptors like CD40, B-cell-activating factor receptor (BAFF-R), and lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR), primarily involves NF-κB2 (p100/p52) proteins and RELB. This pathway initiates with ligand binding, triggering NF-κB-inducible kinase (NIK) to phosphorylate and activate IKK1 (IKKα), leading to p100’s processing into p52 and the subsequent translocation of p52/RELB dimers to the nucleus, thus regulating gene expression differently compared to the canonical pathway. The atypical pathway, which is less well-characterized, can be triggered by DNA-damaging agents independently of IKK, illustrating the versatility and complexity of NF-κB signaling in cellular dynamics.
  • 147
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling Pathway
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, but insufficient or excessive bodily amounts can induce neurotoxicity. Mn can directly increase neuronal insulin and activate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors. As an important cofactor, Mn regulates signaling pathways involved in various enzymes. The IGF signaling pathway plays a protective role in the neurotoxicity of Mn, reducing apoptosis in neurons and motor deficits by regulating its downstream protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
  • 144
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Resources in China
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), as an economically and ecologically valuable plant with rich nutritional and bioactive compounds, has garnered significant interest. The demand for Sea buckthorn has explosive growth, highlighting the urgent need for the cultivation of fast-growing, high-quality Sea buckthorn seedlings. However, there are still some controversies in Sea buckthorn germplasm resource research.
  • 262
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
SAFE—S Strategy for Trachoma
The biological history of Chlamydia trachomatis is intertwined with the evolution of the man. Infecting Elemental Bodies (EBs), having penetrated mucosal epithelial cells, wrap themselves in a cloak (ĸλαμις) of glycogen that ensures their obligatory intracellular survival and protects this differentiation into Reticulate Bodies (RBs) that feed on cellular ATP. Multiple chemokines and cytokines are involved under the direction of IL-6 in the florid phase and IL-17A in the scar phase. The WHO has successfully identified the SAFE strategy against trachoma (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleansing, Environment) as the blueprint to eliminate the disease by 2020. Recently, interest has been increasingly focused on changing sexual attitudes in different areas of the world, leaving Musca sorbens, Scatophaga stercoraria, and stepsisters fairly blameless, but extolling the role of Chlamydia trachomatis in apparently “sterile” chronic prostatitis or conjunctivitis or, less frequently, in oropharyngitis and proctitis. The addition of an S (SAFE-S) standing for “sexual behavior” was then proposed to also attract the interest and attention not only of Ophthalmologists and Obstetricians/Gynecologists, Urologists/Andrologists, and the School Authorities for information on the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, but also of Social Physicians and Pediatricians. This means that sexually transmitted infections should be screened in asymptomatic patients with risky sexual behavior or sexual contact with people diagnosed with a transmitted infection.
  • 122
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
DOX–Chitosan-Mediated NPs for Drug Deliveries
Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) serve as useful multidrug delivery carriers in cancer chemotherapy. Chitosan has considerable potential in drug delivery systems (DDSs) for targeting tumor cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) has limited application due to its resistance and lack of specificity. Chitosan NPs have been used for DOX delivery because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug encapsulation efficiency, and target specificity.
  • 268
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Microorganisms Improve Barley Salt Tolerance
As the global human population continues to increase, the use of saline–alkali land for food production is an important consideration for food security. In addition to breeding or cultivating salt-tolerant crop varieties, microorganisms are increasingly being evaluated for their ability to improve plant salt tolerance. Barley is one of the most important and salt-tolerant cereal crops and is a model system for investigating the roles of microorganisms in improving plant salt tolerance. 
  • 204
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genistein’s Effects in Preclinical Models of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. While treatments exist to stop growth of cervical cancer in humans, they are often associated with major side effects and the development of resistance to therapy. Traditionally, plant-derived compounds have been used to treat many ailments, including cancer. The search for novel plant-derived chemicals is important, as they can potentially provide effective treatment with less severe side effects and importantly overcome drug resistance. Genistein and its analogues have been shown to decrease survival and proliferation as well as induce cell death in cell culture models of cervical cancer and reduce tumor volume in a mouse model. 
  • 149
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MBOAT7  in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common and prevalent disorder affecting 25 percent of the adults in the United States and 32 percent of adults globally. It is one of the common causes of chronic liver disease characterized by steatosis, which can lead to inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Multiple genetic variants have been consistently found to be associated with NAFLD; one of them is found in the TMC4-MBOAT7 loci. One variant (rs641738 C>T) within MBOAT7 encoding lysophosphatidyl inositol acyltransferase increases the risk for NAFLD development and triggers hepatic inflammation by regulating arachidonic acid levels. 
  • 164
  • 27 Dec 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 1746
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback