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Topic Review
Dynamics of Microbial Plaque Formation on Dentures
Whichever polymer is used in the composition of the prosthetic base (poly methyl methacrylate acrylic (PMMA), polyamide (PA), or polyether ether ketone (PEEK)), the simple presence of a removable prosthesis in the oral cavity can disturb the balance of the oral microbiota. This phenomenon is aggravated by poor oral hygiene, resulting in an increased microbial load coupled with the reduced salivation that is associated with older patients. In 15–70% of patients, this imbalance leads to the appearance of inflammation under the prosthesis (denture stomatitis, DS). DS is dependent on the equilibrium—as well as on the reciprocal, fragile, and constantly dynamic conditions—between the host and the microbiome in the oral cavity. Several local and general parameters contribute to this balance. Locally, the formation of microbial plaque on dentures (DMP) depends on the phenomena of adhesion, aggregation, and accumulation of microorganisms. To limit DMP, apart from oral and lifestyle hygiene, the prosthesis must be polished and regularly immersed in a disinfectant bath. It can also be covered with an insulating coating. In the long term, relining and maintenance of the prosthesis must also be established to control microbial proliferation. On the other hand, several general conditions specific to the host (aging; heredity; allergies; diseases such as diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular, respiratory, or digestive diseases; and immunodeficiencies) can make the management of DS difficult.
  • 223
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
CKD Interplay with Comorbidities and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a global health challenge, engendering various physiological and metabolic shifts that significantly impact health and escalate the susceptibility to severe illnesses. It is impacting populations worldwide causing health complications and increasing the risk of serious illnesses, with high mortality rates. CKD is associated with different complex deleterious changes in a patient’s physiology and metabolic activity. They include deteriorating function and/or subsequent kidney failure, uremia, irregularities in metabolism of amino acid, lipids, minerals, and homocysteine (leads to malnutrition, anemia, vitamin deficiency, dementia, stroke and heart diseases), metabolic acidosis, insulin resistance, inflammatory and oxidative stress, dysfunction of skeletal muscle and many more. Further, other diseases or disease-causing factors (diabetes and hypertension) which coexist within CKD are associated with deteriorating the health and mortality.
  • 140
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
ADAR-Mediated Site-Specific RNA Editing in Immune-Related Disease
ADAR (Adenosine Deaminases Acting on RNA) proteins are a group of enzymes that play a vital role in RNA editing by converting adenosine to inosine in RNAs. This process is a frequent post-transcriptional event observed in metazoan transcripts. Recent studies indicate widespread dysregulation of ADAR-mediated RNA editing across many immune-related diseases, such as human cancer. 
  • 116
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Human Dickkopf-3 in Development, Immune Modulation and Cancer
The human Dickkopf (DKK) family includes four main secreted proteins, DKK-1, DKK-2, DKK-3, and DKK-4, as well as the DKK-3 related protein soggy (Sgy-1 or DKKL1). These glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, and especially modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. DKK-3 is distinct, with its multifaceted roles in development, stem cell differentiation and tissue homeostasis. Intriguingly, DKK-3 appears to have immunomodulatory functions and a complex role in cancer, acting as either a tumor suppressor or an oncogene, depending on the context. DKK-3 is a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target that can be modulated by epigenetic reactivation, gene therapy and DKK-3-blocking agents.
  • 124
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Androgen Receptor in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer
Breast cancer subtypes expressing hormone receptors (HR+ BCa) have a good prognosis and respond to first-line endocrine therapy (ET). However, the majority of HR+ BCa patients exhibit intrinsic or acquired ET resistance (ET-R) and rapid onset of incurable metastatic BCa. With the failure of conventional ET, limited targeted therapy exists for ET-R HR+ BCa patients. The androgen receptor (AR) in HR-negative BCa subtypes is emerging as an attractive alternative target for therapy. The AR drives Luminal AR (LAR) triple-negative breast cancer progression, and LAR patients consistently exhibit positive clinical benefits with AR antagonists in clinical trials. In contrast, the function of the AR in HR+ BCa is more conflicting. AR in HR+ BCa correlates with a favorable prognosis, and yet, the AR supports the development of ET-R BCa. While AR antagonists were ineffective, ongoing clinical trials with a selective AR modulator have shown promise for HR+ BCa patients.
  • 122
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Choroidal Mast Cells and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of vision loss in elderly patients. Its etiology and progression are, however, deeply intertwined with various cellular and molecular interactions within the retina and choroid. Choroidal mast cells are strategically located in close proximity to the choroidal vasculature, enabling their active involvement in modulation of angioinflammatory processes.
  • 180
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
State of the World’s Herbaria
Herbaria remain the primary means of documenting plant life on earth, and the number of herbaria worldwide and the number of specimens they hold continues to grow. Digitization of herbarium specimens, though far from complete, has increased the discoverability of herbarium holdings and has increased the range of studies from which data from herbarium specimens can be used. The rather large number of herbaria about which no current information is available is a source of concern, as is herbarium consolidation and removal of herbaria to offsite storage facilities. Partnerships are key to the future health of herbaria. 
  • 182
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pathogen Detection Methods
As the countering measurement, the rapid and accurate detection or discovery of the pathogen is pivotal. It enables immediate tracking and monitoring of the spread of pathogens, understanding of the transmission dynamics of diseases, identifying potential reservoirs or vectors, and developing targeted interventions to control and prevent outbreaks. The complete procedure of pathogen discovery generally consists of the detection for microbial agents causing diseases and then the proof of causation relationship for leading diseases. While under various circumstances, this concept of pathogen discovery can also be interpreted to diagnostics or identification of unknown pathogens in the clinical and environment settings. Collectively, prompt pathogen discovery does not only enable the timely measurements for minimizing the transmission but also contributes to the development of medical treatment and the creation of vaccines. 
  • 180
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Caspase-Dependent Programmed Cell Death
Billions of cells die in us every hour, and our tissues do not shrink because there is a natural regulation where Cell Death (CD) is balanced with cell division. The process in which cells eliminate themselves in a controlled manner is called Programmed Cell Death (PCD). The PCD plays an important role during embryonic development, in maintaining homeostasis of the body’s tissues, and in the elimination of damaged cells, under a wide range of physiological and developmental stimuli. Apoptosis is an RCD pathway that occurs inside eukaryotic cells and whose purpose is the death of the cell itself. Apoptosis is a “cellular suicide” in which a protein program of self-destruction triggered by extracellular or intracellular signals is set in motion. RCD means that the steps for cell degeneration are established, but that does not mean that the cell is predetermined to die; that is, there will be no apoptosis if there is no signal to initiate it. The role of apoptosis is important in many physiological and pathological processes of multicellular organisms, such as the morphogenesis of organs and tissues during embryonic development, in the maintenance and regeneration of tissues in the adult animal, in response to pathogens, or as a response to cellular stress and pathologies such as cancer. The number of cells that die by apoptosis is enormous, both during embryonic development and in the adult state, associated with caspases, that not only control apoptosis, but also proliferation, differentiation, cell form and cell migration.
  • 155
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Action of Humanin and Humanin Analogues
Humanin is a 24-mer peptide first reported in the early 2000s as a new neuroprotective/cytoprotective factor rescuing neuronal cells from death induced by various Alzheimer’s disease-associated insults. Nowadays it is known that humanin belongs to the novel class of the so-called mitochondrial-derived peptides (which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA) and has been shown to exert beneficial cytoprotective effects in a series of in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models of human diseases, including not only neurodegenerative disorders but other human diseases as well (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes mellitus).
  • 105
  • 08 Jan 2024
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