Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Macroalgae
What are algae? Algae are organisms that perform photosynthesis; that is, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen (therefore they have chlorophyll, a group of green pigments used by photosynthetic organisms that convert sunlight into energy via photosynthesis) and live in water or in humid places. Algae have great variability and are divided into microalgae, small in size and only visible through a microscope, and macroalgae, which are larger in size, up to more than 50 m (the maximum recorded was 65 m), and have a greater diversity in the oceans. Thus, the term “algae” is commonly used to refer to “marine macroalgae or seaweeds”. It is estimated that 1800 different brown macroalgae, 6200 red macroalgae, and 1800 green macroalgae are found in the marine environment. Although the red algae are more diverse, the brown ones are the largest.
  • 3.1K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
A2 Milk and CMPA
 Cows’ milk generally contains two major types of beta-casein as A1 and A2 types, although there are 13 genetic variants of β-casein: A1, A2, A3, A4, B, C, D, E, F, H1, H2, I and G. Studies have shown that A1 β-casein may be harmful, and A2 β-casein is a safer choice for human health especially in infant nutrition and health. The A2 cow milk is reportedly easier to digest and better absorb than A1 or other types of milk. The structure of A2 cow’s milk protein is more comparable to human breast milk, as well as milk from goats, sheep and buffalo. Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is considered a common milk digestive and metabolic disorder or allergic disease with various levels of prevalence from 2.5% in children during the first 3 years of life to 12–30% in infants less than 3 months old, and it can go up to even as high as 20% in some countries. CMPA is an IgE-mediated allergy where the body starts to produce IgE antibodies against certain protein (allergens) such as A1 milk and αs1-casein in bovine milk. Studies have shown that ingestion of β-casein A1 milk can cause ischemic heart disease, type-1 diabetes, arteriosclerosis, sudden infant death syndrome, autism, schizophrenia, etc. The knowledge of bovine A2 milk and caprine αs2-casein has been utilized to rescue CMPA patients and other potential disease problems. 
  • 3.2K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
The green synthesis of nanoparticles(NPs) is gaining attention owing to its facilitation of the development of alternative, sustainable, safer, less toxic and environment-friendly approaches. Thus, green nanotechnology using plant extract opens up new possibilities for the synthesis of novel nanoparticles with the desirable characteristics required for developing biosensors, biomedicine, cosmetics and nano-biotechnology, and in electrochemical, catalytic, antibacterial, electronics, sensing and other applications. 
  • 3.2K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Tomatine
Tomatine (sometimes called tomatin or lycopersicin) is a glycoalkaloid, found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants, and in the fruits at much lower concentrations. Chemically pure tomatine is a white crystalline solid at standard temperature and pressure. Tomatine is sometimes confused with the glycoalkaloid solanine, which is found in potatoes.
  • 3.2K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of seed anaerobic germination
As sessile organisms, flooding/submergence is one of the major abiotic stresses for higher plants, with deleterious effects on their growth and survival. Therefore, flooding/submergence is a large challenge for agriculture in lowland areas worldwide. Long-term flooding/submergence can cause severe hypoxia stress to crop plants and can result in substantial yield loss. Rice has evolved distinct adaptive strategies in response to low oxygen (O2) stress caused by flooding/submergence circumstances. Recently, direct seeding practice has been increasing in popularity due to its advantages of reducing cultivation cost and labor. However, establishment and growth of the seedlings from seed germination under the submergence condition are large obstacles for rice in direct seeding practice. The physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying tolerant and sensitive phenotypes in rice have been extensively investigated. Here, this review focuses on the progress of recent advances in the studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic adaptions underlying anaerobic germination (AG) and coleoptile elongation. Further, we highlight the prospect of introducing quantitative trait loci (QTL) for AG into rice mega varieties to ensure the compatibility of flooding/submergence tolerance traits and yield stability, thereby advancing the direct seeding practice and facilitating future breeding improvement.
  • 3.2K
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Shape of Dog's Nasal Cavity and Smell
Modern dogs are the most morphologically diverse group of mammals. Numerous studies have shown that dogs and their olfactory abilities are of great importance to humans. It was found that the changes within the skull have had a significant impact on the structure of the initial sections of the respiratory system, including the turbinates of the nasal passages. Congenital defects, defined as brachycephalic syndrome, are currently a significant problem in dog breeding as they can affect animal welfare and even lead to death.
  • 3.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Natural Preservatives in Cheese Making
Cheese is a dairy product widely appreciated all over the world, but it is also susceptible to contamination by pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms; therefore, the use of preservatives in cheese making represents an important step.
  • 3.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
β-Adrenergic Stimulation
β-adrenergic receptor stimulation (β-ARS) is a physiological mechanism that regulates cardiovascular function under stress conditions or physical exercise, producing a positive inotropic (enhanced contraction), lusitropic (faster relaxation), and chronotropic (increased heart rate) effect. 
  • 3.1K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biorhythm
A biorhythm (from Greek βίος – bios, "life" and ῥυθμός – rhuthmos, "any regular recurring motion, rhythm") is an attempt to predict various aspects of a person's life through simple mathematical cycles. The theory was developed by Wilhelm Fliess in the late 19th century, and was popularized in the United States in late 1970s. Scientific analysis shows that biorhythms have no more predictive power than chance, providing no evidence for their existence. "The theory of biorhythms is a theory that claims our daily lives are significantly affected by rhythmic cycles."
  • 3.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Insect Pests of Brassica oleracea
The propagation and regeneration of Brassica species has been successful using seeds and different explants like petioles, cotyledons, stems and shoot tips. Shoot regeneration and rooting of Brassica species are successfully obtained from cotyledons and hypocotyl explants. The biological cycle length of Brassica species may either differ slightly or may not differ from one species to another. For instance, the seeds of Brassica oleracea take five days to germinate after sowing at 20–25 °C while the seeds of Brassica campestries take about three to five days to germinate after sowing at 20–25 °C. The most common insect pests of economic importance to Brassica oleracea in African smallholder farmers include Plutella xylostella, Helula undalis, Pieris brassicae, Brevycoryne brassicae, Trichoplusia ni and Myzus persicae. Those insect pests infest cabbages at different stages of growth, causing huge damage and resulting into huge yield losses. The African smallholder farmers use cultural and synthetic pesticides to control those insect pests and minimize infestations. The cultural practices are environmental friendly but are ineffective to control the insect pests. Due to ineffectiveness of cultural practices, African smallholder famers use broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides to effectively control the Brassica species insect pests. The improper and misuse of synthetic pesticides result into insect pests resistance towards the insecticides applied, environmental pollution and human health threats. Insect pests such as Plutella xylostella, Hellula undalis, Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae have developed resistance to a wide range of pesticides used such as cypermethrin, parathion, decamethrin, quinalphos and lamda-cyhalothrin. Therefore, that calls for search of the alternative products which can effectively be used to control those insect pests in the field.
  • 3.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
  • Page
  • of
  • 1746
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback