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Topic Review
Tooth Diversity
Although the evolution of tooth structure seems highly conserved, remarkable diversity exists among species due to different living environments and survival requirements. Along with the conservation, this diversity of evolution allows for the optimized structures and functions of teeth under various service conditions, providing valuable resources for the rational design of biomimetic materials. 
  • 546
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dental Fiber-Post Systems
The field of dental medicine is constantly evolving and advancing toward minimally invasive techniques. Several studies have demonstrated that bonding to the tooth structure, particularly enamel, yields the most predictable results. In some instances, however, significant tooth loss, pulpal necrosis, or irreversible pulpitis may limit the options available to the restorative dentist. In these cases, placement of a post and core followed by a crown is the preferred treatment option, provided all requirements are met.
  • 542
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Endodontic Microsurgery
Endodontic microsurgery (EMS) aims to eradicate the sources of infection once the apical root resection removes most of the infected anatomical structures and repairs potential procedural errors in the apical region. This surgical procedure is characterized by the use of an operating microscope which improves illumination and magnification, thus allowing to meticulously identify apical anatomy and examine the resected root surface. EMS also demands the use of ultrasonic devices to perform root-end preparation. An additional feature of microsurgery is the absence or minimal bevel of the root respected surface, to decrease the amount of dentinal tubules exposed to microbial leakage.
  • 541
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Autologous Platelet Concentrates on Replanted Teeth
Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) are produced by centrifuging the patient’s own blood and injecting or topically injecting the isolated plasma, which is rich in grown factors, regenerative cells and leukocytes, into the wound or defect. Although majority of the studies indicate that autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) may improve outcomes of tooth replantation, majority of the studies contained numerous sources of bias. Additionally, the sample size of the included subjects is inadequate to predict the clinical efficacy of APCs in management of replanted teeth. Large-scale, multi-center and long-term studies are required to ascertain the efficacy of APCs in improve the outcomes of tooth replantation. 
  • 539
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Dental and Periodontal Tissues
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are significant proteases, of evident contribution in dental and periapical tissue development, health and disease processes, with promising potential for use as diagnostic and prognostic disease biomarkers. Continuing understanding of their role in pathogenesis and progress of different dental, periapical and periodontal lesions, as well as in dentine-pulp wound healing could be a keystone to future diagnostic and therapeutic regimens.
  • 538
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Selective Antimicrobial Therapies for Periodontitis
Traditional antimicrobial therapies for periodontitis (PD) have long focused on non-selective and direct approaches that give  immediate though short lived clinical improvements. Professional cleaning of the subgingival biofilm by instrumentation of dental root surfaces, known as scaling and root planning (SRP), is the mainstay of periodontal therapy and is indisputably effective. Non-physical approaches, used as adjuncts to SRP, such as chemical and biological agents, will be the focus of this review. We will review traditional antibiotic and antiseptic approaches,  but will emphasize immunotherapeutic agents under development that indirectly inhibit microbial colonization/growth and/or bone loss by reducing inflammation. Moreover, those agents that have clear molecular targets and defined mechanisms of action will be stressed.   Many of these 'host modulation' agents,  have only become possible through decades of research on host-pathogen interactions and the immunopathogenesis of PD. More investment in such approaches is warranted and a goal worth pursuing given the tremendous benefits selective approaches might offer to patients with periodontitis.
  • 533
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Engineering Principles for Clinicians
As innovation and especially the advent of customized prostheses has deeply modified many surgical procedures in our discipline, it is imperative for the contemporary surgeon to become aware of the impact that the MDR will have on many aspects, including the choice of the manufacturer, the evaluation of the devices, point-of-care 3D printing labs, and medical software.
  • 528
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
5-Aminolevulinic Acid Photodynamic Therapy in Cancer Treatment
5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy (5-ALA-PDT) is a therapeutic option for a variety of cutaneous and internal malignancies. PDT uses a photosensitizer that, activated by light in the presence of molecule oxygen, forms ROS, which are responsible for the apoptotic activity of the malignant tissues. 5-ALA is usually used as an endogenous pro-photosensitizer because it is converted to Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which enters into the process of heme synthesis and contextually becomes a photosensitizer, radiating a red fluorescent light. PDT has the benefit of being administered before or after chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery, without impairing the efficacy of these treatment techniques. Furthermore, sensitivity to PDT is unaffected by the negative effects of chemotherapy or radiation. 
  • 528
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients
The oral cavity represents a target of SARS-CoV-2, and oral lesions are observed in both non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients. Oral ulcers, cheilitis, and tongue lesions were more common in patients before hospitalization, while perioral pressure ulcers, macroglossia, blisters, and oral candidiasis were more recurrent in patients during hospitalization.  An accurate oral examination during the hospital admission of all confirmed COVID-19 cases is encouraged to recognize oral early manifestations and to apply appropriate treatments.
  • 518
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pulp Inflammation and Regeneration
The role of inflammatory mediators in dental pulp is unique. The local environment of pulp responds to any changes in the physiology that are highly fundamental, like odontoblast cell differentiation and other secretory activity. 
  • 517
  • 19 May 2021
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