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Topic Review
Exmoor Group
The Exmoor Group is a late Devonian to early Carboniferous lithostratigraphic group (a sequence of rock strata) in southwest England whose outcrop extends from Croyde in north Devon east across Exmoor to Minehead in west Somerset. Each of these divisions has been given different names by different authors in the past including those shown in brackets above. Some that had been classed as 'formations' (or even in one case as a 'group') are now 'members'.
  • 435
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Expert System for Earthquake Prediction
Earthquake is one of the most hazardous natural calamity. Many algorithms have been proposed for earthquake prediction using expert systems (ES). We aim to identify and compare methods, models, frameworks, and tools used to forecast earthquakes using different parameters. The analysis shows that most of the proposed models have attempted long term predictions about time, intensity, and location of future earthquakes. An investigation on different variants of rule-based, fuzzy, and machine learning based expert systems for earthquake prediction has been presented. Moreover, the discussion covers regional and global seismic data sets used, tools employed, to predict earth quake for different geographical regions. Bibliometric and meta-information based analysis has been performed by classifying the articles according to research type, empirical type, approach, target area, and system specific parameters.
  • 1.5K
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Explore Mars by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
The technology of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has tremendous potential to support various successful space mission solutions. In general, different techniques for observing space objects are available, such as telescopes, probes, and flying spacecraft, orbiters, landers, and rovers. However, a detailed analysis has been carried out due to the benefits of UAVs relative to other planetary exploration techniques. A prototype UAV has been successfully simulated to fly on Mars’ surface. 
  • 736
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Exploring Coastal Access in South Africa
Coastal spaces have been highly contested terrains in South Africa, dating from the colonial period to the present time. Inclusive documentation of the history of coastal access in South Africa is inadequate. The alienation of the African majority from coastal access in South Africa has been systematically executed through various legislations. Although 1994 (democratic era) ushered in a political change, coastal spaces in South Africa still reflect historical racial divide, with former Caucasian areas well-endowed with facilities whilst others are still underdeveloped. The lack of access to coastal resources remains a challenge to many previously disadvantaged communities, owing to South Africa’s history of Apartheid. Apartheid spatial planning remains a factor that undermines equitable access to the coast.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Exploring Geochemical Signatures in Production Water
Produced water denotes the water co-produced during hydrocarbon exploration and includes flow-back water, gas condensates, basinal brine, and/or mixtures. The hydrostatic pressure of coal bed formation water traps the gas generated in coal and shale beds.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Exploring Patterns of Transportation-Related CO2 Emissions
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are one of the direct results of a transportation sector powered by burning fossil-based fuels.
  • 405
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Exploring the Road toward Environmental Sustainability
Despite the fact that China’s economy has grown swiftly since the reform and opening up, the problem of environmental degradation in China has become increasingly significant. Specifically, renewable energy consumption and oil rent contribute to environmental sustainability because of their negative effects on greenhouse gas emissions. On the contrary, economic growth and natural resources hinder environmental sustainability due to their positive effects on greenhouse gas emissions.
  • 555
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Exploring the Viability of DAOS in Emerging Economies
In recent years, distributed technologies have garnered significant attention as a model for organizing collective action. Distributed Autonomous Organizations and Systems (DAOS) encompass not only the organizational structure of a Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO), but also the collaborative technologies, ecosystems, and social structures necessary for a self-organizing system to emerge. The focus of a DAOS is on the distributed nature of the organization, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and emergence over decentralization. This paper will explore the guiding principles of DAOS, discuss their limitations, and propose experiments to establish a DAOS that enables collective participation in ecological conservation.
  • 274
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Exposure Assessment of Nanoplastics
Nanoplastics (NPs) are particles ranging in size between 1 and 1000 nm, and they are a form of environmental contaminant of great ecotoxicological concern. The detection of these contaminants in complex matrices is a real challenge. Developing suitable and reliable analytical methods for quantifying the environmental occurrences of NPs is pivotal. 
  • 422
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exposure Routes and Health Risks Associated with Pesticides
There are four main pesticide application methods, including hydraulic spraying, backpack spraying, basal trunk spraying, and aerial spraying. Pesticide application methods are mainly selected by considering the habits of target pests, the characteristics of target sites, and the properties of pesticides. Humans are directly exposed to pesticides in occupational, agricultural, and household activities and are indirectly exposed to pesticides via environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. Human exposure to pesticides occurs mainly through dermal, oral, and respiratory routes. People who are directly and/or indirectly exposed to pesticides may contract acute toxicity effects and chronic diseases. Although no segment of the general population is completely protected against exposure to pesticides and their potentially serious health effects, a disproportionate burden is shouldered by people in developing countries. Both deterministic and probabilistic human health risk assessments have their advantages and disadvantages and both types of methods should be comprehensively implemented in research on exposure and human health risk assessment. Equipment for appropriate pesticide application is important for application efficiency to minimize the loss of spray solution as well as reduce pesticide residuals in the environment and adverse human health effects due to over-spraying and residues. Policymakers should implement various useful measures, such as integrated pest management (IPM) laws that prohibit the use of pesticides with high risks and the development of a national implementation plan (NIP) to reduce the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and on human health. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jul 2022
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