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Topic Review
Technological Innovation for Climate Change Mitigation
}} Climate change has worsened at the hands of human activity for centuries, and many scientific efforts have been made since the first political acknowledgment. In order to avoid the ongoing and potential impacts of climate change, mitigation technologies have been developed in order to adapt to the issue, each invention belonging to one of four specific groups of effort. These groups include energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy (RE), nuclear power/energy (NE), and carbon capture storage (CCS). However, concerns regarding mitigating and adapting to climate change commonly have a priority focus on the groups of carbon capture storage and renewable energy efforts. Traditionally, areas of western civilization around the world have the resources and finances to successfully develop and maintain technological mitigators to climate change. The research and development of these technologies require funding and incur high costs. There is a global inconsistency in producing these inventions, leaving developing countries without the means to defend themselves against the issue of climate change. Ironically, some of these areas are powerless enough while being the most inflicted by climate change in the world. Climate change was mentioned as early as 1896 by Swedish chemist, Svante Arrhenius. The topic did not emerge as a political issue until the 1950s. Public policy is its own actor in the business of climate innovations through its control over the activity of emitting and reducing pollution inventions. Predominantly, legislature works to control the innovations particularly through placing restrictions on the amount of pollution that can be produced, and time crunches on when certain changes by companies using polluting inventions need to be completed by. It is up to the state that is implementing policy and the pollution-contributing businesses to work towards the implemented legal requirements in order to reach environmental goals by a set date.
  • 349
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Technological Innovation Efficiency in China
Innovation is the engine and accelerator that drives high-quality economic and enterprise development. In recent years, the output of scientific and technological innovation in China has been high, but the phenomenon of low efficiency and low quality of innovation occurs frequently. Under the high-intensity systemic investment in innovation, China’s overall innovation capability continues to rise.According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China ranks first in research and experimental development (R&D) activities in the world’s major economies. From the perspective of innovation output, China is at the forefront of the world regarding the scale of patent authorisation and the number of international papers published. However, it is puzzling that China’s national innovation index has always been outside the top 10 in the world (in 2021, it ranked 12th). With the increasingly fierce scientific and technological competition between China and the United States of America (USA), the negative list of some core technologies from the USA has highlighted the problem of “sticking neck” in China’s key technologies. It reflects the fact that although China has a large amount of innovations, many are low-quality innovations. There are core technologies still controlled by others. The surging output of innovation in China has not been accompanied by the improvement of innovation quality, which also shows that China’s technological innovation is facing the dilemma of innovation inefficiency caused by the input–output mismatch. Technological innovation efficiency (TIE) is a key indicator to measure the output level of innovation input factors per unit time. Compared with other developed countries, China’s innovation efficiency is still far away in terms of TIE.
  • 289
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Cost Analysis
The techno-economic analysis (TEA) and the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) are the most widely used approaches for modeling and calculating processes’ economic impacts. A simulation-based TEA is a cost-benefit analysis that simultaneously considers technical and economic factors. In addition, the method facilitates the development of the entire project and provides a systematic approach for examining the interrelationships between economic and technological aspects. When it comes to economic studies, it is intimately bonded with uncertainty. There are numerous uncertainty sources, classified in various ways. The uncertainty reflects “an inability to determine the precise value of one or more parameters affecting a system.” The variability refers to the different values a given parameter may take. This implies that a probability density function (PDF), for instance, can be employed to estimate and quantify the variability of a given parameter. The bias refers to “assumptions that skew an analysis in a certain direction while ignoring other legitimate alternatives, factors, or data.” 
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Techniques for Micro(Nano)Plastics Measurement
Plastics have been massively produced since the 1940s, when society started to consume large quantities of plastics in every segment of our lives, including industry, agriculture, healthcare, and others. The production of plastics has been expanded in the last decades because of their favored characteristics, such as lightness, durability, flexibility, versatility, and cost-effectiveness.
  • 620
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Technical and Economic Viability of Underground Hydrogen Storage
The concept of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is less known than its natural gas counterpart, which is expected due to its less significant role in the past. Despite this, the insights gained with natural gas can be applied to hydrogen storage due to the shared cavern design and operation.
  • 368
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Teaching Sustainability in Planning and Design Education
Education for sustainable development (ESD) benefits school improvement and individual students, allowing them to ask critical questions about the status quo, clarify their values, and think systemically. In the fields of planning and design, including urban planning, regional planning, landscape architecture, and urban design, sustainability is vital to address the development dilemmas of environmental protection, urban development, economic activity, and social expectations. Design and planning decisions must consider a wide range of activities representing the goals of preservation, development, economic opportunities, social justice, and many others.
  • 600
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tea Tree Essential Oil in Hot Spring Water
The composite microcapsules of alginate/tea tree essential oil have an obvious antibacterial effect on microorganisms in hot spring water, while the composite microcapsules of alginate/chitosan have no antibacterial effect in hot spring water. When the concentration of the cross-linking agent is fixed, the longer the cross-linking time is (10 min > 5 min > 1 min), the longer the release equilibrium time of the essential oil in the microcapsules in the hot spring water is. When the cross-linking time is fixed, the higher the concentration of the cross-linking agent (1 M > 0.5 M > 0.1 M) and the longer the release equilibrium time of the essential oil in the microcapsules in the hot spring water is. When the concentration of the cross-linking agent and the cross-linking time are fixed, the higher the metal activity of the cross-linking agent (Ca > Zn) is and the longer the release equilibrium time of the essential oil in the microcapsules in the hot spring water is.
  • 397
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Taxonomic Diversity of African Cyanobacteria Using Genetic Markers
Advances in molecular biology have facilitated the use of polyphasic approaches involving chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, and genotypic data to characterize cyanobacteria. Genotypic diversity through PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of target sequences, cloning, and DNA sequencing of isolated strains and field samples has been poorly described in Africa. The most commonly used genetic markers in Africa include 16S rRNA, PC-IGS, 16S-23S ITS1-L, 16S-23S ITS1-S, rpoB, rpoC1, and 16S-23S ITS. These molecular markers have been employed to understand the taxonomy and phylogeography of cyanobacteria worldwide.
  • 270
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Taupo Volcano
Lake Taupo, in the centre of New Zealand’s North Island, is the caldera of a large rhyolitic supervolcano called the Taupo Volcano. This huge volcano has produced two of the world’s most violent eruptions in geologically recent times. The Taupo Volcano forms part of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, a region of volcanic activity that extends from Ruapehu in the South, through the Taupo and Rotorua districts, to White Island, in the Bay of Plenty region. Taupo began erupting about 300,000 years ago, but the main eruptions that still affect the surrounding landscape are the Oruanui eruption, about 26,500 years ago, which is responsible for the shape of the modern caldera, and the Hatepe eruption, dated 232 ± 5 CE. However, there have been many more eruptions, with major ones every thousand years or so (see timeline of last 10,000 years of eruptions). Considering recent history alone, the volcano has been inactive for an unusually long period of time, but considering its long-term activity, it was inactive for much longer between 8100 and 5100 BCE (3,000 year inactivity, compared to the current 1,800 years). Some volcanoes within the Taupo Volcanic Zone have erupted far more recently, however, notably a violent VEI-5 eruption of Mount Tarawera in 1886, and frequent activity of Whakaari/White Island, which erupted most recently in December 2019.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Taupo Volcanic Zone
The Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) is a volcanic area in the North Island of New Zealand that has been active for the past two million years and is still highly active. Mount Ruapehu marks its south-western end and the zone runs north-eastward through the Taupo and Rotorua areas and offshore into the Bay of Plenty. It is part of the larger Central Volcanic Region that extends further westward through the western Bay of Plenty to the eastern side of the Coromandel Peninsula and has been active for four million years. The Taupo Volcanic Zone is widening east–west at the rate of about 8 mm per year. It is named after Lake Taupo, the flooded caldera of the largest volcano in the zone, the Taupo Volcano.
  • 872
  • 24 Oct 2022
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