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Topic Review
Measure Channelized Erosion with CGC-CRP
Water-induced channel is one of the main forms of soil erosion in cultivated fields. Channelized erosion is often measured by the volume of the channels. Traditionally, the measurements were conducted with rulers or measuring tapes. However, these traditional methods are generally time- and labor-consuming and can cause soil surface disturbance. Close-range photogrammetry with a Consumer-Grade Camera (CGC-CRP) provides an alternative way of measuring channel volume and can overcome limitations of traditional methods and provides much higher spatial resolution. The optimum setting of the camera is with the image overlapping greater than 70% and with the shooting angle ranging from 60° to 80°. In addition, the channel orientation paralleled to the camera shooting direction is recommended.  
  • 553
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Measure the Height of Mount Everest
Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. First, we should know where is Mt. Everest located on the plateau of Tibet map. It is on the border of Nepal and Tibet(the Autonomous Region of China). The determination of the height of Mount Everest(HME) is one of the focuses of the geodetic community. The shallow layer method (SLM) based on the definition of the geoid can determine the gravity field inside the shallow layer. The orthometric height of Mount Everest (HME) is calculated based on SLM, in which the key is to construct the shallow layer model. The top and bottom boundaries of the shallow layer model are the natural surface of the Earth and the surface at a certain depth below the reference geoid, respectively. 
  • 224
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Measurement and Monitoring of TDS and TSS
Total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) have traditionally been analyzed and monitored through field or in situ sampling and laboratory testing generally classified as conventional methods. Field and laboratory measurements include grab sampling, filtering, and evaporating a sample through a fine filter paper followed by drying in an air oven which are collectively known as gravimetric methods. Conventional methods of monitoring of water quality parameters (WQPs) are, however, cost-prohibitive, labor-intensive, time-consuming, and, also not suitable for large-scale analysis.
  • 989
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Measurement of Urban Sprawl
In the context of rapid urbanization, inefficient, disorderly, and low-density urban sprawl often leads to resource waste and ecological damage. Over the decades, many studies on the measurement, analysis, and governance of urban sprawl have emerged. 
  • 315
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Measuring Overtourism
The tourism debate prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was dominated by the problems inherent in overtourism, reflecting an inadequate land management. Although publications on overtourism have grown exponentially in recent years, its scientific study still has major shortcomings, particularly with regard to measurement. With the aim of overcoming this insufficiency, we have carried out a review of the literature (using the mapping review method) and, based on its conclusions, we have drawn up a proposal to systematise the measurement of overtourism by combining several tools: indicators, surveys, interviews, and other tools linked to the Internet and social networks. The results of the research make a contribution to the expansion of the literature on the topic and may have important practical implications in formulating effective land-use policies by guiding policy makers in the management of overtourism. They could be of use in both the early detection of overtourism and the design of policies that prevent and/or detect situations of risk and that correct existing problems. This is especially relevant in the current international context to implement the effective transition to a responsible tourism model post-COVID-19.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Measuring Urban Shrinkage
Most of the shrinking cities experience an unbalanced de-urbanization across different urban areas in cities. However, traditional ways of measuring urban shrinkage are focused on tracking population loss at the city level and are unable to capture the spatially heterogeneous shrinking patterns inside a city. Consequently, the spatial mechanism and patterns of urban shrinkage inside a city remain less understood, which is unhelpful for developing accommodation strategies for shrinkage. The smart city initiatives and practices have provided a rich pool of geospatial big data resources and technologies to tackle the complexity of urban systems. Given this context, we propose a new measure for the delineation of shrinking areas within cities by introducing a new concept of functional urban shrinkage, which aims to capture the mismatch between urban built-up areas and the areas where significantly intensive human activities take place. Taking advantage of a data fusion approach to integrating multi-source geospatial big data and survey data, a general analytical framework is developed to construct functional shrinkage measures. Combining geospatial big data with urban land-use functions obtained from land surveys and Points-Of-Interests data, the framework further enables the comparison between cities from dimensions characterized by indices of spatial and urban functional characteristics and the landscape fragmentation; thus, it has the capacity to facilitate an in-depth investigation of fundamental causes and internal mechanisms of urban shrinkage. 
  • 993
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mechanical Recycling of Thermoplastics
Plastic materials have gathered attention recently due to their omnipresence in the global economy. The transition towards a circular economy is the only way to prevent the environment from landfilling and incineration.
  • 327
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CH4
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction to valued products is a promising way to mitigate the greenhouse effect, as this reaction makes use of the excess CO2 in the atmosphere and at the same time forms valued fuels to partially fulfill the energy demand for human beings. Methane, which is among the products of CO2RR, is regarded as a high-value commodity due to its high energy density of 55.5 MJ/kg. Moreover, the methane produced by the electrochemical reduction of CO2 is not emitted into the atmosphere and contributes to the greenhouse effect as the well-established infrastructure for gas pipelines, allowing for the seamless storage, consumption, and distribution of methane, rendering it a widely utilized component of natural gas. 
  • 348
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Hydroponic Plants to Purify Wastewater
As the global population reaches eight billion, large quantities of wastewater (domestic, industrial, livestock) need to be treated in an efficient, green, and environmentally friendly manner. Wastewater hydroponics technology (HP) can efficiently remove various pollutants (conventional and emerging pollutants, heavy metals, and microorganisms) and create economic benefits. The principle of hydroponic wastewater purification is phytoremediation, which is a low-cost and solar-powered natural cleaning technology. Plants assist in the removal of pollutants in a variety of ways, including phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, and rhizofiltration.
  • 988
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanism of Microalgal Phycoremediation
Microalgae are continually exposed to heavy metals and metalloids (HMMs), which stifles their development and reproduction due to the resulting physiological and metabolic abnormalities, leading to lower crop productivity. They must thus change their way of adapting to survive in such a hostile environment without sacrificing their healthy growth, development, reproductive capacity, or survival. The mode of adaptation involves a complex relationship of signalling cascades that govern gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, which consequently produces altered but adapted biochemical and physiochemical parameters. Algae have been reported to have altered their physicochemical and molecular perspectives as a result of exposure to a variety of HMMs.
  • 404
  • 30 Sep 2022
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