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Topic Review
Bio-Organic Mineral Fertilizer
This entry discusses about Bio-Organic Mineral Fertilizer  for Sustainable Agriculture.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Chlorinated Paraffins
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a class of persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulated compounds, have received increasing attention for their environmental occurrence and ecological and human health risks worldwide. Understanding the environmental behavior and fate of CPs faces a huge challenge owing to the extremely complex CP congeners. The bioaccumulation and biotransformation of CPs, including the occurrence of CPs in biota, tissue distribution, biomagnification, and trophic transfer, and biotransformation of CPs in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in detail are summarized and integrated. Biota samples collected in China showed higher CP concentrations than other regions, which is consistent with their huge production and usage. The lipid content is the major factor that determines the physical burden of CPs in tissues or organs. Regarding the bioaccumulation of CPs and their influence factors, inconsistent results were obtained.
  • 353
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioaccumulation of Fluoride and Its Microbially Assisted Remediation
Fluoride is widely found in soil–water systems due to anthropogenic and geogenic activities that affect millions worldwide. Fluoride ingestion results in chronic and acute toxicity, including skeletal and dental fluorosis, neurological damage, and bone softening in humans. 
  • 981
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bioactive Metabolites in Liquid State Cultures
Humans have appreciated mushrooms for their edible and medicinal value since the Neolithic age. Increased interest in the pharmaceutical potential of mushrooms has led to numerous publications that explore more than 100 reported medicinal functions. These are functions such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-thrombotic, anti-allergic, antidepressive, antihyperlipidemic, digestive, hypotensive, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, osteoprotective, and immunomodulating activities, among others. This therapeutic action is due to a wide array of bioactive metabolites isolated from the fruiting body, mycelium, and culture broth of macrofungi. Both complex high-molecular-weight compounds such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids and low-molecular-weight compounds such as terpenoids, polyketides, and alkaloids have been isolated and are under study. In addition to their pharmaceutical potential, mushrooms are recognized as a rich source of nutraceuticals. Nutraceuticals are substances that have positive effects, proven by clinical testing, on normal physiological functions that maintain health in humans, thus preventing and treating diseases and enhancing longevity. There is a globally growing market for nutraceuticals sold as nutrients and supplements or in the form of enhanced “functional foods”. Natural bioactive compounds found in macrofungi are ideal for this market and are already being used for their properties.
  • 416
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biobeds
Biobeds are biological systems used to treat liquid residues derived from the operations related to the application of pesticides in crop fields. Their use helps minimize pesticide delivery into the environment, as well as protecting soil and water from pollution. Biobeds were first described as trenches packed with a mixture of 50% wheat straw, 25% soil, and 25% peat, covered with a grass layer; this composition is known as a “biomixture”. In biobeds, the biomixture absorbs the pesticide residues and supports the development of different microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, needed for pesticide degradation in the system. The effectiveness of biobed systems lies in the high pesticide retention in the biomixture and the degradation potential of the microorganisms growing in the system.
  • 583
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bioburden in Indoor Environments
The exposure to particles and bioaerosols has been associated with the increase in health e ects in children. The objective of this study was to assess the indoor exposure to bioburden in the indoor microenvironments more frequented by children. Air particulate matter (PM) and settled dust were sampled in 33 dwellings and four schools with a medium volume sampler and with a passive method using electrostatic dust collectors (EDC), respectively. Settled dust collected by EDC was analyzed by culture-based methods (including azole resistance profile) and using qPCR.Results showed that the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in classrooms were higher than in homes and highly exceeded the limit values established by the Portuguese legislation for indoor air quality. The fungal species most commonly found in bedrooms was Penicillium sp. (91.79%), whereas, in living rooms, it was Rhizopus sp. (37.95%). Aspergillus sections with toxigenic potential were found in bedrooms and living rooms and were able to grow on VOR. 
  • 620
  • 24 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Biobutanol Production from Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation
Butanol fermentation, also known as acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation, refers to the synthesis of butanol by butanol-producing strains using starch crops or sugars as raw materials under strict anaerobic conditions while generating byproducts of acetone and ethanol.
  • 225
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biochar for Remediation of Polluted Soils
Soil contamination with organic contaminants and various heavy metals has become a global environmental concern. Biochar application for the remediation of polluted soils may render a novel solution to soil contamination issues.
  • 455
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biochar for Wastewater Treatment
Biochar as a stable carbon-rich material shows incredible potential to handle water/wastewater contaminants. Its application is gaining increasing interest due to the availability of feedstock, the simplicity of the preparation methods, and their enhanced physico-chemical properties. The efficacy of biochar to remove organic and inorganic pollutants depends on its surface area, pore size distribution, surface functional groups, and the size of the molecules to be removed, while the physical architecture and surface properties of biochar depend on the nature of feedstock and the preparation method/conditions. For instance, pyrolysis at high temperatures generally produces hydrophobic biochars with higher surface area and micropore volume, allowing it to be more suitable for organic contaminants sorption, whereas biochars produced at low temperatures own smaller pore size, lower surface area, and higher oxygen-containing functional groups and are more suitable to remove inorganic contaminants. In the field of water/wastewater treatment, biochar can have extensive application prospects. Biochar have been widely used as an additive/support media during anaerobic digestion and as filter media for the removal of suspended matter, heavy metals and pathogens. Biochar was also tested for its efficiency as a support-based catalyst for the degradation of dyes and recalcitrant contaminants. The current review discusses on the different methods for biochar production and provides an overview of current applications of biochar in wastewater treatment.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Biochar in Remediation of Organic Pollutants in Water
Biochar is a biological material for environmental remediation due to its low-cost precursor (waste), low toxicity, and diversity of active sites, along with their facile tailoring techniques. Due to its versatility, biochar has been employed as an adsorbent, catalyst (for activating hydrogen peroxide, ozone, persulfate), and photocatalyst. Biochar could also be applied in remediation of organic pollutants in water.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2022
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