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Topic Review
Single-Image Super-Resolution Techniques
The purpose of multisource map super-resolution is to reconstruct high-resolution maps based on low-resolution maps, which is valuable for content-based map tasks such as map recognition and classification. However, there is no specific super-resolution method for maps, and the existing image super-resolution methods often suffer from missing details when reconstructing maps.
  • 300
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
BCD Datasets and SSL in Remote Sensing CD
The detection of building changes (hereafter ‘building change detection’, BCD) is a critical issue in remote sensing analysis. Accurate BCD faces challenges, such as complex scenes, radiometric differences between bi-temporal images, and a shortage of labelled samples. Traditional supervised deep learning requires abundant labelled data, which is expensive to obtain for BCD. By contrast, there is ample unlabelled remote sensing imagery available. Self-supervised learning (SSL) offers a solution, allowing learning from unlabelled data without explicit labels. Inspired by self-supervised learning (SSL), researchers employed the SimSiam algorithm to acquire domain-specific knowledge from remote sensing data. Then, these well-initialised weight parameters were transferred to BCD tasks, achieving optimal accuracy. A novel framework for BCD was developed using self-supervised contrastive pre-training and historical geographic information system (GIS) vector maps (HGVMs). 
  • 300
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Different Biochar Characteristics on Soil Nitrogen Transformation Processes
Biochar, a carbonaceous product, is formed from organic feedstock pyrolysised in the absence of air and, therefore, is a potential means of recycling organic waste. However, different feedstock and pyrolysis conditions result in a biochar with a range of altered characteristics. These characteristics influence nitrogen transformation processes in soil and result in the metabolism of different substrates and the formation of different products, which have different effects on agricultural yield.
  • 300
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sources of Microorganisms for Bioaugmentation
Bioremediation encompasses a broad range of environmental biotechnologies, which require multidisciplinary approaches through implementation of innovative tools to the natural biological processes occurring in soil, water, and air. The addition of microbial biomass (bacteria, fungi, and their secreted enzymes) to contaminated areas, i.e., the process of bioaugmentation, can be adapted to the green environment and can notably improve an area’s pollutant removal efficiency (RE), as well as reduce their removal time and costs.
  • 299
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Blue Sky Defense for Carbon Emission Trading Policies
In the pursuit of China’s environmental targets to achieve a carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, the carbon emission trading scheme (CETs) has emerged as a critical policy instrument. Since the 14th Five-Year Plan, China has been on a two-wheel drive to prevent pollution and combat climate change and proposes to fight the Blue Sky Defense.
  • 299
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
E-Commerce Challenges in Latin America
E-commerce and urban logistics are deeply connected. The development of new distribution methods, the optimization of last-mile delivery, and the location of urban warehouses in central areas are mainly due to e-commerce’s exponential growth in the last few years. E-commerce has increased last-mile deliveries. Increasingly diverse types of households buy online instead of going to physical stores. The change in consumer behavior affects cities’ mobility, with a growing network of logistic providers overseeing deliveries to final customers The rise of e-commerce has different consequences for cities. It is important to identify the aspects of e-commerce that challenge the urban systems and stakeholders involved. Decarbonization in the e-commerce logistics sector in Latin American countries still has room for improvement (for example, using metrics and electric vehicles) to match the levels of companies with similar characteristics in European, Asian, or North American countries.
  • 299
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Sources of Energy in Transport
The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has shown a significant increase as compared to the preindustrial era. The CO2 concentration level stood at 402.31 ppm, approximately 42% higher than the mid-1800 levels (around 280 ppm). Additionally, there have been notable increases in CH4 and N2O levels. The transport sector is considered one of the most polluting sectors, which is why alternative technologies to traditional combustion engines and fuels are being explored, such as battery electric (BEV), hybrid electric (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV), compressed natural gas (CNG), biogas (BG), and more.
  • 299
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Energy and Economic Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruption to the original order of the global economy and has had an influence on the social and economic growth of countries all over the globe.
  • 297
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Potentially Toxic Elements in Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluents
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are metallic chemicals with densities that are higher than that of water. Water pollution by PTEs due to the discharge of untreated pharmaceutical industrial effluents is a risk to human health and ecological integrity. 
  • 297
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies for Improved Agriculture
Climate change refers to a long-term and significant change in measures of climate such as rainfall, temperature, wind or snow patterns. Global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are considered major factors responsible for adversely accelerating the degree of climate change. Climate change-induced abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and temperature fluctuations are devastating crops’ physiological responses, productivity and overall yield, which is ultimately posing a serious threat to global food security and agroecosystems. The applications of chemical fertilizers and pesticides contribute towards further deterioration and rapid changes in climate. Therefore, more careful, eco-friendly and sustainable strategies are required to mitigate the impact of climate-induced damage on the agricultural sector.
  • 297
  • 03 Aug 2023
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