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Topic Review
German Gold Mark
Goldmark (officially just Mark, sign: ℳ) was the gold standard-based currency of the German Empire from 1873 to 1914. Papiermark was the Mark after the gold standard was given up in August 1914, and gold and silver coins ceased to circulate.
  • 4.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Business System Planning
Business systems planning (BSP) is a method of analyzing, defining and designing the information architecture of organizations. It was introduced by IBM for internal use only in 1981, although initial work on BSP began during the early 1970s. BSP was later sold to organizations. It is a complex method dealing with interconnected data, processes, strategies, aims and organizational departments. BSP was a new approach to IA; its goals are to: The result of a BSP project is a technology roadmap aligning investments and business strategy. BSP comprises 15 steps, which are classified into three sections by function.
  • 2.7K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) Disinvestment from Israel Controversy
The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) adopted a policy of "phased, selective divestment" from certain American corporations operating in Israel beginning in 2004, as a means of influencing the government of Israel. This policy has been controversial both within and outside of the denomination, even resulting in charges of antisemitism. The policy was changed in 2006 by another vote of the General Assembly.
  • 461
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
IBIDA
A company's earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (commonly abbreviated EBITDA, pronounced /iːbɪtˈdɑː/, /əˈbɪtdɑː/, or /ˈɛbɪtdɑː/) is an accounting measure calculated using a company's earnings, before interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are subtracted, as a proxy for a company's current operating profitability (i.e., how much profit it makes with its present assets and its operations on the products it produces and sells, as well as providing a proxy for cash flow). Though often shown on an income statement, it is not considered part of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) by the SEC.
  • 4.9K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Brazilian Agribusiness in the Beef Sector
The current international commercial structure places Brazilian Agribusiness in constant conflict to protect its interests before other nations in the global market. Technological innovations are used in all stages from the simplest production tasks, up to the design of negotiation tactics at high-level affairs.
  • 330
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Wages in Thailand
Wages in Thailand, as used here, includes all compensation paid by an employer to an employee for work done, whether based on hours worked, piece work, or fixed salary. Since wage labour is the predominant form of work, the term "wage" here refers to all forms of employee compensation. Wages are the major source of household income in Thailand,:32 although wage income distribution varies by region: Almost three-quarters of the population in Bangkok are in households that receive wage income, compared with less than half in the northern region.:30-31 During the period 2007–2014, wage income grew markedly, and then began to drop starting in 2015. (As of 2020) wage growth stagnation afflicts most occupations. Wage growth was negative in urban areas, but positive in rural areas. In the period 2007–2013, wages, farm incomes, and remittances contributed to poverty reduction; in the period 2015–2017 these were sources of rising poverty.:65
  • 9.4K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Integrated Landscape Management
Integrated landscape management is a way of managing a landscape that brings together multiple stakeholders, who collaborate to integrate policy and practice for their different land use objectives, with the purpose of achieving sustainable landscapes. Integrated landscape management is one approach to addressing the major global challenges of poverty, food security, climate change, water scarcity, deforestation and loss of biodiversity at the local level. Proponents of integrated landscape management argue that as these challenges are interconnected, coordinated approaches are needed to address them, in order for landscapes (heterogenous geographic areas) to generate multiple benefits. For example, one river basin can supply water for towns and agriculture, timber and food crops for smallholders and industry, and habitat for biodiversity; the way in which each one of these sectors pursues its goals can have impacts on the others. The integrated approach goes beyond traditional sector-based practices that manage these different land uses independently of each other, even where they depend on the same resource base. The intention is to manage landscapes in a joined-up way, so that society's needs can be met in the short term, and in the long term. Integrated landscape management is increasingly recognised and taken up by intergovernmental bodies, government initiatives, research institutes, and some of the world's largest conservation NGOs, resulting in an increase in the number of examples of the approach in practice. However, barriers to uptake include difficulties in monitoring integrated landscape management and the proliferation of definitions and terms relating to it.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pseudo-reorganization Acquisitions
Pseudo-reorganization acquisitions are acquisitions that are done in order to repatriate income earned by foreign subsidiaries to a parent corporation while avoiding taxes ordinarily owed on the repatriation of foreign income in countries with a worldwide system of taxation. Prior to the passage of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017, multinational firms based in the United States avoided taxes on the repatriation of income earned abroad through the use of pseudo-reorganization acquisitions.
  • 562
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
2010–14 Portuguese Financial Crisis
2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis was part of the more wider downturn of the Portuguese economy that started in 2001 and possibly ended in 2016–17. The period from 2010 to 2014 was probably the hardest and more challenging part of the entire economic crisis; this period includes the 2011–14 international bailout to Portugal and was marked by an intense austerity policy, intenser than in any other period of the wider 2001–17 crisis. Economic growth stalled in Portugal in 2001–02; following years of internal economic crisis, the (international) Great Recession started to hit Portugal in 2008 and eventually led to the country being unable to repay or refinance its government debt without the assistance of third parties. To prevent an insolvency situation in the debt crisis, Portugal applied in April 2011 for bail-out programs and drew a cumulated €78.0 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM), and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF). Portugal leaved bailout in May 2014, the same year that positive economic growth re-appeared following three years of recession. The government achieved a 2.1% budget deficit in 2016 (the lowest since the restoration of democracy in 1974) and in 2017 the economy grew 2.7% (the highest growth rate since 2000). Greece and Ireland also went into a debt crisis in 2010. Together these debt crisis of these three countries marked the start of the European sovereign debt crisis.
  • 3.3K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bell Ihua
Dr. Bell Ihua (born Ugwushi Bellema Ihua, December 20, 1979) is the Executive Director at Africa Polling Institute (API), an independent, non-profit and non-partisan public opinion think-tank, which conducts opinion polls, surveys, social research and evaluation studies at the intersection of democracy, governance, economic conditions and public life. He is a seasoned social researcher, public opinion pollster, survey expert, management consultant, and adjunct professor. Dr. Ihua is involved in the general management of the Institute's day-to-day operations. Prior to joining API, he was CEO of Nigeria's premier opinion polling company, NOI Polls Limited. He also served as Principal Consultant at DBI Analytics Consulting; and currently serves on the Boards of SMYLE Africa Group and Dumena Code Academy.
  • 935
  • 02 Oct 2022
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