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Topic Review
Circular Economy under Multi-Parametric Approach
A circular economy (CE) is conceptualized under different rounds of materials and energy cycling flows and is a matter of a three-level deployment: inter-enterprise circulation, regional circulation, and social circulation. 
  • 614
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Disability in Israel
Disability rights in Israel are based among the rest upon disabillity pensions, accessibility regulations, therapy, special education, sheltered workshop and assisted living. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the disabled people in Israel, with a population of 250,000, have managed to equalize the disability pension from the Bituah Leumi (National Insurance Institute of Israel) to the minimum wage level in Israel. As of 2017, the struggle was made by demonstrations, blocking main roads, highways and industries, activity in social networking services, petitions to the High Court of Justice, negotiations with the Government of Israel and bills in the Knesset. In 2017, a full disability pension was 2,342 ILS. The minimum wage in this year was 5,000 ILS, and in December 2017 it went up to 5,300 ILS per month.
  • 614
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electronic Data Interchange
Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the concept of businesses electronically communicating information that was traditionally communicated on paper, such as purchase orders and invoices. Technical standards for EDI exist to facilitate parties transacting such instruments without having to make special arrangements. EDI has existed at least since the early 70s, and there are many EDI standards (including X12, EDIFACT, ODETTE, etc.), some of which address the needs of specific industries or regions. It also refers specifically to a family of standards. In 1996, the National Institute of Standards and Technology defined electronic data interchange as "the computer-to-computer interchange of strictly formatted messages that represent documents other than monetary instruments. EDI implies a sequence of messages between two parties, either of whom may serve as originator or recipient. The formatted data representing the documents may be transmitted from originator to recipient via telecommunications or physically transported on electronic storage media." It distinguished mere electronic communication or data exchange, specifying that "in EDI, the usual processing of received messages is by computer only. Human intervention in the processing of a received message is typically intended only for error conditions, for quality review, and for special situations. For example, the transmission of binary or textual data is not EDI as defined here unless the data are treated as one or more data elements of an EDI message and are not normally intended for human interpretation as part of on-line data processing." In short, EDI can be defined as the transfer of structured data, by agreed message standards, from one computer system to another without human intervention.
  • 612
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Social Entrepreneurs for Innovative Professional Career Developments
Social impact and innovation are crucial aspects of any social entrepreneurship project. There are some fundamental common factors as critical determinants of the final social entrepreneurial decision and result: (i) motivations such as emotional connection, moral judgment, personal dissatisfaction, purpose achievement and change, and social needs; (ii) personal internal resources such as connection skills, conviction, creativity, efficiency skills, and learning orientation; (iii) facilitating external factors such as financial and social support, higher and social education, relevant past events, and previous professional experience. Putting together all these factors, there is a theoretical framework that can explain social entrepreneurship as an alternative career option and connect it with a dominant social entrepreneur’s narrative and profile.
  • 611
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fairness-Enabling Practices in Agro-Food Chain
Fairness in the agro-food system is an increasingly important issue. Ensuring fair and ethical practices in the agro-food chain is essential for sustainable, effective, and resilient agro-food systems. Identifying and understanding fairness-enabling practices and existing business applications in the agro-food chain is crucial to create a sustainable system. There are three key types of fairness: distributive, procedural, interactional. These can be achieved applying fairness-enabling practices in agro-food chain relationships.
  • 611
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Evaluating Transition towards Circular Economy in European Union
The term circular economy (CE) has existed in the literature since the 1960s. In recent years, it gained significant notability in Europe with the introduction of the circular economy concept into the policy and strategy of the European Union (EU) in 2014 (COM/2014/0398) and the launch of the first Circular Economy Action Plan of the European Commission (COM/2015/0614 Final) in 2015 continued by a new Circular Economy Action Plan: For a cleaner and more competitive Europe (COM(2020)0098). One important step towards CE mainstreaming is the development of suitable indicators that would help measure the state of transition in both absolute and relative/comparative terms. Assessing countries’ performance in achieving the goals of the circular economy is a challenge due to the lack of a generally accepted methodology, the multitude of indicators, and the insufficient data. Countries may be compared in a narrow way, according to single indicators, but a more holistic synthetic assessment of countries is also needed to determine their position against each other.
  • 610
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Corruption Disclosure and Political Corporate Social Responsibility
Corruption is a major concern globally, particularly in developing countries, such as Bangladesh, where it is the main obstacle to economic development. Corruption is also mentioned as the major impediment to accomplishing sustainable development. Corruption is the main impediment to economic development in Bangladesh. The country’s financial sector is under threat due to issues such as illegal money transfers, money laundering, and terrorist financing. The Paradise Papers and The Panama Papers scandals have found many Bangladeshi business people and politicians involved in offshore businesses globally. The recent misappropriation of the financial sector, financial heist of the Central Bank (BB), liquidity crises, share market scandal, and political intervention on banks have left the financial sector in turmoil. Companies provide more Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) expenditure in order to signal to stakeholders about their motivation and determination to social responsibility in relation to enhancing transparency and accountability. Working in a high or low corruption environment, CSR expenditure has significant value because the expenditure increases visibility to the market, improving reputation.
  • 609
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Financial Inclusion Drivers
Usage, digitalization, and FinTech emerged as significant drivers of financial inclusion (FI). Drivers of FI, viz., the usage indicator, digitalization, and FinTech, are positively associated with financial inclusion and with the mediation of financial literacy, and they positively influence sustainable growth. Sustainable growth has been measured through customers’ perceptions regarding the success of FI through the achievement of selected SDGs. Further, there is also a positive relation between financial initiatives and sustainable growth.
  • 610
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
A Threat to Food Price Stability in Turkey
The volatility of meat prices affects the accessibility and even food security of some consumers in Turkey. The prices of selected livestock and a major feed component, wheat, as well as the exchange rate of the domestic currency in Turkey because imports augmented the domestic live calf and sheep supply. The analysis applies 470 price observations from January 2005 to October 2019 for each of the following price series: live calf, live sheep, feed wheat, and exchange rate of Turkish lira to US dollar.
  • 609
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Credit CARD Act of 2009
The Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure (CARD) Act of 2009 is a federal statute passed by the United States Congress and signed by U.S. President Barack Obama on May 22, 2009. It is comprehensive credit card reform legislation that aims "...to establish fair and transparent practices relating to the extension of credit under an open end consumer credit plan, and for other purposes." The bill was passed with bipartisan support by both the House of Representatives and the Senate.
  • 608
  • 20 Oct 2022
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