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Topic Review
Latin American World Model
The Latin American world model (LAWM) Bariloche Model is a mathematical and normative model, which was carried out by the Bariloche Foundation in Argentina between 1972 and 1975. This model set out to provide an alternative to Model III of the MIT – first model supported by the Club of Rome – called The Limits to Growth, which affirmed the existence of physical limits – particularly for the population and the economy – to take into account if wants to avoid a near catastrophic future. The LAWM, on the other hand, offers a roadmap for a desirable and also possible world, where conflicts can be overcome based on the principles of equity, civil participation, and non-consumerism, and where calculations and strategies are established to reach the welfare of every human being on a planetary level. For this, the mathematical modeling of the LAWM starts from the central concept of basic human needs, which is established as a key indicator of its construction. Unlike the MIT model, the LAWM considers that the problems to be solved are not given by physical limits, but mainly by an unfair distribution given by the abuse of power, at an intra- and international level. Both models consider that there will be potentially a universal crisis and that caring for the environment should be a priority. The LAWM was also supported by the Club of Rome, and both models were republished and updated on several occasions.
  • 471
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Latin American Perspectives
Latin American Perspectives, A Journal on Capitalism and Socialism, is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Latin American studies. It was established in 1974 and is currently published by SAGE Publications. The managing editor is Ronald Chilcote, Edward A. Dickson Emeritus Professor of Economics and Political Science at the University of California, Riverside. LAP is the #1 journal in the Latin American Studies category of Google Scholar Metrics.
  • 300
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Land Change Modeling
Land change models (LCMs) describe, project, and explain changes in and the dynamics of land use and land-cover. LCMs are a means of understanding ways that humans change the Earth's surface in the past, present, and future. Land change models are valuable in development policy, helping guide more appropriate decisions for resource management and the natural environment at a variety of scales ranging from a small piece of land to the entire spatial extent. Moreover, developments within land-cover, environmental and socio-economic data (as well as within technological infrastructures) have increased opportunities for land change modeling to help support and influence decisions that affect human-environment systems, as national and international attention increasingly focuses on issues of global climate change and sustainability.
  • 406
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lambari
Lambari is a group of small native fish from Brazil common in natural freshwater. They have gained visibility and good acceptance in very profitable market niches, such as human food and live bait for sport fishing.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Laboratory Demand Management Strategies
Inappropriate laboratory test selection in the form of overutilization as well as underutilization frequently occurs despite available guidelines. There is broad approval among laboratory specialists as well as clinicians that demand management strategies are useful tools to avoid this issue. Most of these tools, which may be adopted to local settings, are based on automated algorithms or other types of machine learning. We believe that artificial intelligence may help to further improve these available tools.
  • 548
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Labor Market Institutions and Employment
The role of labor market institutions and policies has received great attention throughout the history of labor economics. Labor market institutions are responsible for a wide range of policies, regulations, and organizations that affect the labor market, though their impact on employment can vary depending on the specific institutions and the economic context across countries. This entry attempts to provide an overview of five main labor market institutions and policies, i.e., the minimum wage, employment protection, the power of unions, active labor market policies, and unemployment insurance/unemployment benefits. It also presents theoretical expectations of their effects on employment outcomes and collates relevant results from the related literature, focusing mainly on the most recent empirical evidence. Finally, this entry provides insights regarding labor market institutions and offers proposals for shaping the labor market landscape.
  • 276
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Knowledge Transfer Performance of China's Industry-University-Research Institute Collaboration
Knowledge transfer performance is a key consideration in the process of R&D collaboration between companies and research institutes; how to improve the performance of knowledge transfer depends on the matching between the partners of IUR collaboration. The goal difference of industry-university-research institute collaboration partners has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between learning willingness, absorptive capacity, and knowledge transfer performance. The greater the degree of goal difference, the lower the role of the enterprise’s learning willingness and absorptive capacity to promote knowledge transfer performance. Technical knowledge difference has a significant inverted U-shaped effect on the relationship between absorptive capacity and knowledge transfer performance: a high degree of technical knowledge difference weakens the effects of absorptive capacity on knowledge transfer performance, while a low degree of technical knowledge difference will also negatively moderate the effects of absorptive capacity on knowledge transfer performance.
  • 367
  • 28 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Knowledge Transfer and the K-NACK Model
The possession of diverse knowledge is vital for countries to maintain competitive advantages as new technologies and other disruptive changes emerge. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become an important instrument to access knowledge and innovation available in other countries with the increasing trend of globalization. However, little is known about how the knowledge base of a country can be enriched in the context of knowledge sourcing through FDI, drawing upon general contexts of knowledge and innovation in countries. 
  • 304
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Knowledge Sharing in Business Education
One of the findings is that knowledge sharing in business education is growing in virtual environments, especially in the last year, where the COVID 19 pandemic restricted the option of face-to-face education in classrooms. It is recommended that business schools decrease the percentage of time they spend in lectures and increase the time and strategies in which students share knowledge, discuss problems and make decisions based on collective reflection. 
  • 401
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Knowledge Sharing and Business Model Innovation
In the era of knowledge economy and open innovation, it is especially important for organizations to learn how to store and utilize internal and external knowledge for the sustainability of business models. The ability to innovate is a necessity for sustainable development. In the practice of enterprise business model innovation, leaders need to establish a system that can promote the willingness of employees to share knowledge. Organizations need to pay attention to the effectiveness of explorative learning, consider the actual demand of employees as much as possible, and mobilize the initiative of employees in the learning process. Organizations also are required to pay attention to the balance between explorative learning and exploitative learning. 
  • 510
  • 24 Jun 2022
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