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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Mudflation
Mudflation, from MUD and inflation, is an economic issue that exists in massively multiplayer online games. Mudflation occurs when future additions to (or even just continued operation of) a game causes previously acquired resources to decline in value. This can take many forms and have many causes, including new items introduced by an expansion pack, fundamental imbalances in the in-game economy, or even spread of information that allows a previously rare resource to be acquired more easily.
  • 518
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Monetary Policy Committee
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a committee of the Bank of England, which meets for three and a half days, eight times a year, to decide the official interest rate in the United Kingdom (the Bank of England Base Rate). It is also responsible for directing other aspects of the government's monetary policy framework, such as quantitative easing and forward guidance. The Committee comprises nine members, including the Governor (from 2013 Mark Carney), and is responsible primarily for keeping the Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation close to a target set by the government (2% per year as of 2016). Its secondary aim – to support growth and employment – was reinforced in March 2013. Announced on 6 May 1997, only five days after that year's General Election, and officially given operational responsibility for setting interest rates in the Bank of England Act 1998, the Committee was designed to be independent of political interference and thus to add credibility to interest rate decisions. Each member has one vote, for which they are held to account: full minutes of each meeting are published alongside the Committee's monetary policy decisions, and members are regularly called before the Treasury Select Committee, as well as speaking to wider audiences at events during the year.
  • 636
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Monetary Policy Affect Bank Credit Supply to Enterprises
In order to develop the real economy and solve the problems of enterprise financing and lending, banks should increase their support for SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). The People’s Bank of China introduced two direct monetary policy tools in June 2020, which are important for alleviating the financing problems of SMEs, improving the construction of financial support for the real economy and promoting the recovery of economic development.
  • 191
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Monetary and Fiscal Policy Sustainability
Monetary and fiscal policy sustainability has great importance in both developed and developing countries. Both policies play an important role in achieving economic growth and sustainable development. The sustainability of both policies, in addition to the coordination between them, enables the design and implementation of efficient and effective policies.
  • 232
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Monetary & Financial Sustainability
The attention focuses on the State’s coercive intervention according to the principles of political economy, capital theory and Austrian business economic cycles.
  • 569
  • 13 May 2021
Biography
Mohammad Tolba
Mohammad Tolba is an Egyptian Salafi activist and entrepreneur. He was one of the protestors in the Tahrir Square during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. In the same year, he founded "Salafyo Costa," or "Costa Salafis" an activist group that embraces cultural diversity and pluralism and strives for social justice. Tolba and other founders of the group named themselves after their meeting place:[
  • 706
  • 05 Dec 2022
Biography
Mohammad Heydari
Mohammad Heydari (Persian/Farsi: محمد حیدری; born 14 August 1992; Tehran, Iran) is an Associate Professor, Scientist and Author. He obtained a PhD and DSc. in Management Science and Engineering (MS&E) from the Nanjing University of Science and Technology (Apr. 2023). His doctoral dissertation was titled “Cognitive basis perceived corruption, and attitudes towards entrepreneurial inte
  • 443
  • 16 Jun 2024
Topic Review
Modelling, Measuring, Visualising Community Resilience
       The concept of community resilience receives much attention in studies and applications due to its ability to provide preparedness against hazards, to protect our life against risks, and to recover to stable living conditions. Nevertheless, community resilience is complex, contextual, multifaceted, and therefore hard to define, recognise, and operationalise. An essential advantage of having a complete process for community resilience is the capacity to be aware of and respond appropriately in times of adversity. A three-step process constituting of modelling, measurement, and visualisation is crucial to determine components, to assess value, and to represent information of community resilience, respectively. The goal of this review is to offer a general overview of multiple perspectives for modelling, measuring, and visualising community resilience derived from related and emerging studies, projects, and tools. By engaging throughout the entire process, which involves three sequential steps as we mentioned above, communities can discover important components of resilience, optimise available local and natural resources, and mitigate the impact of impairments effectively and efficiently.
  • 734
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Modelling the Vulnerability of Financial Accounting Systems
In times of crisis, the vulnerability of global financial markets can be considered as an element in the analysis of economic stability and sustainable development, which also indicates significant differences in the recognition of economic capital. The quality of accounting information is a significant element for investor confidence in a financial market. Under the influence of an economic crisis, the retrospective components that materialise in the accounting information that is transmitted in the form of financial reports are adjusted in relation to the prospective components of the quotations. Thus, during times of crisis, investment decisions take into account the ability of the market to remunerate investors more than confidence in the future return of investments in assets. This fair value dilemma prompted the introduction of the option for firms to switch from fair value to historical acquisition costs for the valuation of their investment portfolios in 2008.
  • 307
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Modelling of Loss Given Default of Bank Loans
The loss given default (LGD) is the ratio of the amount of loss to a lender resulting from a borrower’s default to risk exposure. LGD is an important credit risk parameter in the regulatory system for financial institutions.
  • 555
  • 25 Oct 2023
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