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Topic Review
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem services are the many and varied benefits to humans gifted by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems. Such ecosystems include, for example, agroecosystems, forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. These ecosystems, functioning in healthy relationship, offer such things like natural pollination of crops, clean air, extreme weather mitigation, human mental and physical well-being. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as 'ecosystem services', and are often integral to the provisioning of clean drinking water, the decomposition of wastes, and resilience and productivity of food ecosystems. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s popularized this concept. There, ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and oxygen production; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being valuated in order to draw equivalent comparisons to human engineered infrastructure and services.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effect of COVID-19 on International Trade
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been detrimental to all countries, despite the continuous efforts of governments on all continents to attempt to mitigate its damaging effects. All economic and social indicators have worsened. COVID-19 impact was evident in all countries, but not with the same strength.
  • 590
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Financial Digital Transformation on Financial Performance
The ability of A-share listed companies to adhere to the digital economy and achieve long-term corporate benefits amidst an uncertain external environment through financial digital transformation remains a crucial concern for entrepreneurs and scholars. Financial digital transformation significantly boosts corporate financial performance for A-share listed companies, and this enhancement is sustainable over time. Information symmetry and operational expenses function as intermediaries in the financial digital transformation process that affects firm financial performance.
  • 277
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effect of News Signals on Daily Stock Market
The stock market is often seen as a barometer of a country’s economic health, with stock prices fluctuating based on a range of economic, financial, political, and global factors. In order to understand how these factors, impact stock market volatility, it is necessary to consider the influence of daily news signals and events. This is particularly important in the context of developing countries, where stock markets are often more volatile and susceptible to sudden changes.
  • 247
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Effectiveness Factors of Internal Audit Quality in Banks
Due to the complexity of internal audit effectiveness, it has been less studied in accounting and finance. Internal audits are defined by different authors in different ways. Internal audit effectiveness helps to achieve the set target by the organization and to reach the goals within a specific time is the effectiveness of internal audit quality. Internal audit quality evaluated through potential factors such as competence, objectivity, performance, board audit committee support, and independence. 
  • 175
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effects from ESG Scores on P&C Insurance Companies
Insurers act as institutional investors and underwriters of risk. Therefore, improving their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance is important for the transmission of ESG values to all economic sectors.
  • 304
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Cap-and-Trade Mechanism
Toward sustainability, the insurer explicitly captures the credit risk from the borrowing firms, participating in the cap-and-trade scheme to reduce carbon emissions, an essential issue of carbon emission and environmental protection when facing gray rhino threats. In addition, the energy economics and policy analysis are from the fund-providing insurer’s perspective. Green lending policies and life insurance policy loans (i.e., disintermediation related to insurance stability) are crucial to managers and regulators, particularly bridging the borrowing-firm carbon transactions for carbon emission reductions toward sustainability.
  • 334
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Health Factors on GDP Growth
It is indicated that the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the health factors and GDP growth; however, in the short term, the variables are found to be in a state of disequilibrium.
  • 257
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Efficiency-Based Global Green Manufacturing Innovation Index
Manufacturing Innovation Index (GGMII) was developed by formulating an input-oriented data envelopment analysis model. Criteria such as the value added to the gross domestic product (GDP), corresponding CO2 emissions, and unemployment rates were examined in order to represent the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of SD, respectively. Other scientific and technological dimensions were also considered. The data corresponding to all ten of the criteria were collected from World Bank Open Data. 
  • 697
  • 21 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Efficient and Effective Rankings
In the simple words of Peter Drucker, efficiency is doing things right while effectiveness is doing the right things. Efficient and Effective Rankings are ranking classifications for Decision-Making Units (DMUs) based on a combination of the efficiency score (obtained by parametric or non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis frontier estimations) with a multiple effectiveness measure (often obtained using a Multicriteria Decision Analysis). This study aims at providing a non-compensatory ranking classification combining Conditional Frontier Analysis with the PROMETHEE II methodology for the multidimensional efficiency and effectiveness analysis of Police. The results on Pernambuco (Brazil) Police departments offer interesting perspectives for public administrations concerning prioritizations of units based on the mitigation of resources and strategic objectives.
  • 955
  • 30 Apr 2021
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