Topic Review
Recovery Point Objective
A recovery point objective (RPO) is defined by business continuity planning. It is the maximum targeted period in which data might be lost from an IT service due to a major incident. The RPO gives systems designers a limit to work to. For instance, if the RPO is set to four hours, then in practice, off-site mirrored backups must be continuously maintained – a daily off-site backup on tape will not suffice.
  • 398
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Recognition and Measurement of Crypto-Assets
The Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCa) Regulation of the European Union is the first comprehensive piece of legislation that seeks to protect the interests of investors in the crypto-assets sector. Although the market value of crypto-assets is significant at world level, there is a lack of clear regulatory guidelines regarding the recognition, measurement, and presentation of crypto-assets in the financial statements of investors. Considering that not all digital assets are the same, retail holders need to take into account the characteristics, rights, and obligations associated with the crypto-assets they purchase to determine the appropriate accounting method.
  • 153
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Recession of 1937–38
The recession of 1937–1938 was an economic downturn that occurred during the Great Depression in the United States. By the spring of 1937, production, profits, and wages had regained their early 1929 levels. Unemployment remained high, but it was slightly lower than the 25% rate seen in 1933. The American economy took a sharp downturn in mid-1937, lasting for 13 months through most of 1938. Industrial production declined almost 30 percent, and production of durable goods fell even faster. Unemployment jumped from 14.3% in May 1937 to 19.0% in June 1938. Manufacturing output fell by 37% from the 1937 peak and was back to 1934 levels. Producers reduced their expenditures on durable goods, and inventories declined, but personal income was only 15% lower than it had been at the peak in 1937. In most sectors, hourly earnings continued to rise throughout the recession, partly compensating for the reduction in the number of hours worked. As unemployment rose, consumer expenditures declined, leading to further cutbacks in production.
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  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Real-Life Synchromodality Challenges
The concept of synchromodality was built considering the collaboration of shippers and logistic service providers to enable real-time switching between transport modes and mode-free transport bookings, encouraging more flexible and sustainable freight transportation. 
  • 130
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Real Estate Valuations with Small Dataset
In real estate markets, accuracy in property valuations is a fundamental element for making informed decisions and effective investment strategies. The complex dynamics that characterize real estate markets, together with the high differentiation of properties, make the adoption of advanced approaches crucial to obtaining accurate valuations.
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  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Real Estate Bubble
A real estate bubble or property bubble (or housing bubble for residential markets) is a type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or global real estate markets, and typically follow a land boom. A land boom is the rapid increase in the market price of real property such as housing until they reach unsustainable levels and then decline. This period, during the run up to the crash, is also known as froth. The questions of whether real estate bubbles can be identified and prevented, and whether they have broader macroeconomic significance, are answered differently by schools of economic thought, as detailed below. Bubbles in housing markets are more critical than stock market bubbles. Historically, equity price busts occur on average every 13 years, last for 2.5 years, and result in about 4 percent loss in GDP. Housing price busts are less frequent, but last nearly twice as long and lead to output losses that are twice as large (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2003). A recent laboratory experimental study also shows that, compared to financial markets, real estate markets involve longer boom and bust periods. Prices decline slower because the real estate market is less liquid. The financial crisis of 2007–2008 was related to the bursting of real estate bubbles that had begun in various countries during the 2000s.
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  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Real Estate Broker
A real estate broker, real estate agent or realtor is a person who represents sellers or buyers of real estate or real property. While a broker may work independently, an agent usually works under a licensed broker to represent clients. Brokers and agents are licensed by the state to negotiate sales agreements and manage the documentation required for closing real estate transactions. In North America, some brokers and agents are members of the National Association of Realtors (NAR), the largest trade association for the industry. NAR members are obligated by a code of ethics that go above and beyond state legal requirements to work in the best interest of the client. Buyers and sellers are generally advised to consult a licensed real estate professional for a written definition of an individual state's laws of agency, and many states require written disclosures to be signed by all parties outlining the duties and obligations. Generally, real estate brokers/ agents fall into four categories of representation: A real estate broker typically receives a real estate commission for successfully completing a sale. Across the U.S. this commission can generally range between 5-6% of the property's sale price for a full service broker but this percentage varies by state and even region. This commission can be divided up with other participating real estate brokers or agents. Flat-fee brokers and Fee-for-Service brokers can charge significantly less depending on the type of services offered.
  • 291
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rawlsian Cost-Benefit Analysis
The use of a Rawlsian perspective in cost-benefit analysis is proposed. For the purposes of the cost-benefit analysis, this perspective is at least as adequate as the traditional perspective, of a utilitarian nature.
  • 544
  • 17 Nov 2021
Biography
Raul Krauthausen
Raúl Aguayo-Krauthausen (born 1980 in Lima, Peru) is a German disability rights activist. He studied Social and Economic Communication at the Berlin University of the Arts and Design Thinking at the HPI School of Design Thinking. He was awarded the Order of Merit of Germany and is an Ashoka Fellow. Krauthausen grew up in Berlin and attended one of the first inclusive schools as a child. He c
  • 546
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ras Al Khaimah
Ras Al Khaimah (Arabic: رأس الخيمة; IPA: [raʔs alˈxajma]), historically known as Julfar, is one of the seven emirates that make up the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The capital city and home of most residents is also called Ras Al Khaimah, sometimes abbreviated as RAK city. Its name could be taken to mean "headland of the small huts", which can be attributed to the indigenous buildings that existed along the coast. The emirate is in the northern part of the UAE, bordering Oman's exclave of Musandam. It covers an area of 2,486 km2 (960 sq mi). The emirate had a population of 210,063 at the 2005 Census, of which 41.82 percent or 87,848 were Emirati citizens. Latest estimates put the total population at between 250,000 and 300,000. Locals accounted for 97,529 in the population estimate for 2010. Its capital city RAK city has two main sections, Old Ras Al Khaimah and Nakheel, on either side of a creek. It is served by the Ras Al Khaimah International Airport. It consists of a northern part (where the city of Ras al-Khaimah is situated), and a large inland exclave in the south (near Hatta), and a few small islands in the Persian Gulf. Ras Al Khaimah has the most fertile soil in the country, due to a larger share in rainfall and underground water streams from Omani mountains.
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  • 19 Oct 2022
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