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Topic Review
Decision Support for Patient-Centered Care
Care management strategies could be effectively used and augmented by shared decision support systems or artificial intelligence.  Evidence-based approaches to the determinants and consequences of chronic care management  are suggested. The proper utilization of care management strategies will not only enhance better patient care outcomes but also reduce the hospitalization or readmission.
  • 974
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Degrowth
Degrowth (French: décroissance) is a political, economic, and social movement based on ecological economics, anti-consumerist and anti-capitalist ideas. It is also considered an essential economic strategy responding to the limits-to-growth dilemma (see The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries and post-growth). Degrowth thinkers and activists advocate for the downscaling of production and consumption—the contraction of economies—arguing that overconsumption lies at the root of long term environmental issues and social inequalities. Key to the concept of degrowth is that reducing consumption does not require individual martyring or a decrease in well-being. Rather, "degrowthers" aim to maximize happiness and well-being through non-consumptive means—sharing work, consuming less, while devoting more time to art, music, family, nature, culture and community.
  • 879
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Demand Chain Management
Demand chain management (DCM) is the management of relationships between suppliers and customers to deliver the best value to the customer at the least cost to the demand chain as a whole. Demand chain management is similar to supply chain management but with special regard to the customers. Demand chain management software tools bridge the gap between the customer relationship management and the supply chain management. The organization's supply chain processes are managed to deliver best value according to the demand of the customers. DCM creates strategic assets for the firm in terms of the overall value creation as it enables the firm to implement and integrate marketing and supply chain management (SCM) strategies that improve its overall performance. A study of the university in Wageningen (the Netherlands) sees DCM as an extension of supply chain management, due to its incorporation of the market orientation perspective on its concept.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Demand Response Products
Demand response refers to planning, implementing and monitoring the use of electricity to generate changes in the consumers' demand profile to adapt to different needs. Thus, a Demand Response Product can be defined as the contractual framework which guarantees that the service provided by flexible consumers satifies the minimum requirements of the related service to the final user of such flexibility (network operator, energy trader, aggregator, etc.) Demand Response is a key element of future power systems due to its capacity to defer grid investments, improve demand participation in the market and absorb renewable energy source variations. In this regard, Demand Response can play an important role in delivering ancillary services to power systems.
  • 921
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Democratic Socialism
Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and workers' self-management within a market socialist economy, or an alternative form of decentralised planned socialist economy. Democratic socialists argue that capitalism is inherently incompatible with the values of freedom, equality, and solidarity and that these ideals can only be achieved through the realisation of a socialist society. Although most democratic socialists seek a gradual transition to socialism,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) democratic socialism can support either revolutionary or reformist politics as means to establish socialism.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) Democratic socialism was popularized by socialists who were opposed to the backsliding towards a one-party state in the Soviet Union and other nations during the 20th century.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) The history of democratic socialism can be traced back to 19th-century socialist thinkers across Europe and the Chartist movement in Britain, which somewhat differed in their goals but shared a common demand of democratic decision making and public ownership of the means of production, and viewed these as fundamental characteristics of the society they advocated for. In the late 19th to the early 20th century, democratic socialism was also heavily influenced by the gradualist form of socialism promoted by the British Fabian Society and Eduard Bernstein's evolutionary socialism in Germany.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) Democratic socialism is what most socialists understand by the concept of socialism;({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) it may be a very broad (socialists who reject a one-party Marxist–Leninist state)({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) or more limited concept (post-war social democracy).({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) As a broad movement, it includes forms of libertarian socialism,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) market socialism,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) reformist socialism, and revolutionary socialism,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) as well as ethical socialism,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) liberal socialism,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) social democracy,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) and some forms of state socialism and utopian socialism, all of which share commitment to democracy.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) Democratic socialism is contrasted with Marxism–Leninism, which opponents often perceive as being authoritarian and undemocratic in practice.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) Democratic socialists oppose the Stalinist political system and the Soviet-type economic planning system, rejecting as their form of governance the administrative-command system that formed in the Soviet Union and other Marxist–Leninist states during the 20th century. Democratic socialism is also distinguished from Third Way social democracy[nb 1] on the basis that democratic socialists are committed to systemic transformation of the economy from capitalism to socialism.[nb 2] While having socialism as a long-term goal,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) some moderate democratic socialists are more concerned about curbing capitalism's excesses, and are supportive of progressive reforms to humanise it in the present day,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) while other democratic socialists believe that economic interventionism and similar policy reforms aimed at addressing social inequalities and suppressing the economic contradictions of capitalism would only exacerbate the contradictions,({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) causing them to emerge elsewhere under a different guise.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) Those democratic socialists believe that the fundamental issues with capitalism are systemic in nature, and can only be resolved by replacing the capitalist mode of production with the socialist mode of production through the replacement of private ownership with collective ownership of the means of production, and extending democracy to the economic sphere in the form of industrial democracy.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) The main criticism of democratic socialism is focused on the compatibility of democracy and socialism. Several academics and political commentators tend to distinguish between authoritarian socialism and democratic socialism as a political ideology, with the first representing the Soviet Bloc, and the latter representing the democratic socialist parties in the Western Bloc countries that have been democratically elected in countries such as Britain, France, and Sweden, among others.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) However, following the end of the Cold War, many of these countries have moved away from socialism as a neoliberal consensus replaced the social democratic consensus in the advanced capitalist world.
  • 4.3K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dependency and Elderly Care
The rapid ageing of populations around the world is creating complex challenges for national governments. The establishment of sustainable and equitable long-term care systems for old and dependent people is one of the main issues of social policy in developed countries. 
  • 191
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Depression of 1920–21
The Depression of 1920–21 was a sharp deflationary recession in the United States and other countries, beginning 14 months after the end of World War I. It lasted from January 1920 to July 1921. The extent of the deflation was not only large, but large relative to the accompanying decline in real product. There was a two-year post–World War I recession immediately following the end of the war, complicating the absorption of millions of veterans into the economy. The economy started to grow, but it had not yet completed all the adjustments in shifting from a wartime to a peacetime economy. Factors identified as contributing to the downturn include returning troops, which created a surge in the civilian labor force and problems in absorbing the veterans; a decline in labor union strife; changes in fiscal and monetary policy; and changes in price expectations. Following the end of the depression, the Roaring Twenties brought a period of economic prosperity.
  • 833
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Design
A design is a plan or specification for the construction of an object or system or for the implementation of an activity or process, or the result of that plan or specification in the form of a prototype, product or process. The verb to design expresses the process of developing a design. In some cases, the direct construction of an object without an explicit prior plan (such as in craftwork, some engineering, coding, and graphic design) may also be considered to be a design activity. The design usually has to satisfy certain goals and constraints, may take into account aesthetic, functional, economic, or socio-political considerations, and is expected to interact with a certain environment. Major examples of designs include architectural blueprints, engineering drawings, business processes, circuit diagrams, and sewing patterns. The person who produces a design is called a designer, which is a term generally used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas—usually specifying which area is being dealt with (such as a textile designer, fashion designer, product designer, concept designer, web designer or interior designer), but also others such as architects and engineers. A designer's sequence of activities is called a design process, possibly using design methods. The process of creating a design can be brief (a quick sketch) or lengthy and complicated, involving considerable research, negotiation, reflection, modeling, interactive adjustment and re-design.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Design Assist
Design Assist is the procurement method by which, prior to completion of design, a construction contract may be awarded on a best value basis pursuant to which a contractor provides design assistance to the architect or engineer of record through a design professional separately retained by the contractor.
  • 350
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Destination-Centric Wine Exports
With more than 40% of produced wine crossing borders, wine represents a truly global beverage. Wine export serves as a sales lever, especially for producers where home wine consumption diminishes but the global wine business is highly competitive. The literature tells that in competitive market innovation, customer centrism, and increasing sustainability are key. Wine export offerings need to meet the customer’s desires in the targeted foreign destinations. German wine providers have to catch-up in regard to destination-specific preferences so they can offer adaptation or suffer a competitive disadvantage in sustainability positioning.
  • 245
  • 18 Jul 2023
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