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Topic Review
Reverse Logistics
Reverse logistics is a term commonly used to describe the management of end-of-life products, and mostly refers to the terms reduce, reuse, remanufacture, and recycle. Reduce is a term that refers to waste reduction in manufacturing and the packaging of products. The term reuse refers to the return of an unused product to the manufacturer in order to put the product back into use. The term remanufacture refers to a process of repairing, restoring, or overhauling products to extend their lifespan. Recycle refers to a process in which any component of a product that contains a certain value is returned to the manufacturer. RL should be designed outside the company and should not be limited by waste collection and recycling actions, but other activities should also be included to preserve the value and usefulness of materials for the longest possible period, which would make significant gains for the company’s value chain. Implementing RL helps reduce production waste and helps companies make a profit.
  • 678
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Brand Image in Loyalty of Heritage Tourism
Heritage tourism has become a burgeoning area of research, as it was found to help promote economic growth and regional development, and enhance social identity and heritage conservation. The term “heritage” is often assigned the role of carrier of historical value of the cultural elements of a society, and as such heritage is seen as a strong attraction for tourists; it may refer to tangible elements including historical buildings, art works and landscapes or intangible elements involving the distinctive ways of life and experience of spaces perceived by the visitors as heritage. The latter perspective leads to diversification of heritage and expands to non-traditional areas as industrial production, historical theme parks, restaurants, and seaside resorts. Loyalty has been widely examined in the context of cultural tourism.
  • 677
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Slow City Concept in Cittaslow
The slow city concept is associated with great care for the protection of the natural environment and the use of renewable energy sources.
  • 677
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Evaluation
China is a major maritime country with numerous islands, which are rich in natural resources. Island resources exhibit excellent development potential; in this regard, the market demand for uninhabited island development has been strong. The scientific and reasonable utilization of the resources of uninhabited islands can create huge economic value for the region and the country, inject vitality into the national economy, and enhance the stability of the overall sustainable development of the national economy. However, previous research on islands focused on a limited area of economy or ecology, and few studies provide a comprehensive evaluation of uninhabited island development. Such development requires enormous investment and has a profound impact. Therefore, a comprehensive and scientific evaluation system is necessary for uninhabited island development planning. This entry accordingly develops an island planning and evaluation indicator system based on multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM), and entropy analysis method, and the approach of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS).
  • 677
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Factors Related to Fintech Adoption
Technology in general, and information and communication technologies (ICT) specifically, have directly impacted all facets of human life, from innovation processes that affect the economy and industrial and organizational dynamics to important advances in different sectors. Such is the case in the financial sector, where emerging disruptive technologies such as financial technologies (Fintech) are adding elements of ease and speed to the different transactions carried out in that sector.
  • 678
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Energy and Industry 4.0 Nexus in Spain
Technological development has profoundly marked the evolution of the economy. The constant changes brought about by scientific and technological advances have been decisive in the transition from an analogue to a digital world. In this context, the impact of the fourth industrial revolution (or Industry 4.0) manifests itself in many ways. Environmental impact is one of these. The energy sector has been evolving and changing just like the economy and society. 
  • 676
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sustainability of Hybrid Organizations and Circular Economy Models
Hybrid organizations that adopt circular economy contribute to sustainable development by implementing initiatives aimed at healing, preserving, and improving the world through the production of goods or the provisions of services ("CARE"). Additionally, the ability of hybrid organizations to foster sustainable development is based on their ability to develop and maintain relationships with the surrounding organizational realities, as well as actively involve the local community ("DO WITH"). At the same time, getting in touch with other socioeconomic actors allows the hybrid organization to educate and to be educated, sharing skills and competences ("PEDAGOGY").
  • 673
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Orientation Motivated Green Supply Chain Management Practices
ndustrial leaders are under pressure to develop greater environmental responsibility due to the increase in global pressure from stakeholders in terms of climatic change and its implications. Greening efforts by manufacturing firms to develop environmentally friendly products, systems, technologies, processes, and business practices have become popular due to growing societal awareness of the environment. According to, green supply chain management, sustainable supply chain management, and environmentally sustainable supply chain management are interlinked and contribute towards goal achievement by minimizing the adverse effects of the firm’s operations on the environment. Similarly, also state that the interlinkage of environmental management with the supply chain is critical in sustaining corporate development. The supply chain aims to reduce emissions. At present, the trade-offs in the supply chain are quality, carbon, cost, and service. For two reasons, the supply chain is critical to greening manufacturers. To begin with, the supply chain has a close interaction with the natural environment since it deals with the materials needed for manufacturing. Second, the supply chain’s purchasing practices can affect the manufacturing suppliers’ environmental perceptions and capabilities. For successful green supply chain management, resource allocation and organizational structures are significant contributors to sustainable corporate social reputation and brand building. 
  • 673
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Digital Finance on Regional Carbon Emissions
China is currently in the process of industrialization, and the excessive consumption of fossil energy results in a significant increase in carbon emissions. With the significant development of information technology and the digital economy, digital finance has gradually become a new model that affects human activities, motivating us to explore the relationship between digital finance and carbon emissions.
  • 672
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Organizational Self-Management
Organizational Self-management, also referred to as Workers' Self-management, Labor Management and Autogestión (see also workers' control, industrial democracy, democratic management and worker cooperative), is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce. Self-management is a characteristic of many forms of socialism, with proposals for Self-management having appeared many times throughout the history of the socialist movement, advocated variously by libertarian and market socialists, communists and anarchists. There are many variations of Self-management. In some variants, all the worker-members manage the enterprise directly through assemblies while in other forms workers exercise management functions indirectly through the election of specialist managers. Self-management may include worker supervision and oversight of an organization by elected bodies, the election of specialized managers, or self-directed management without any specialized managers as such. The goals of self-management are to improve performance by granting workers greater autonomy in their day-to-day operations, boosting morale, reducing alienation and eliminating exploitation when paired with employee ownership. An enterprise that is self-managed is referred to as a labour-managed firm. Self-management refers to control rights within a productive organization, being distinct from the questions of ownership and what economic system the organization operates under. Self-management of an organization may coincide with employee ownership of that organization, but Self-management can also exist in the context of organizations under public ownership and to a limited extent within private companies in the form of co-determination and worker representation on the board of directors.
  • 672
  • 09 Oct 2022
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