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Topic Review
Crowdsourcing Air Forwarders
Not yet commonly known or used by the totality of sectors, crowdsourcing has shown its huge potential in various projects and tasks usually processed by computers.Crowdsourcing focuses on “taking and outsourcing a job, previously done by a designated agent, to an undefined and large number of people via an open call”. Crowdsourcing could be seen as a conflation of the terms “knowledge of crowds” and “outsourcing”. Each crowd member can complete and be assigned a project. They get paid for their work. Crowdsourcing forms a very appealing project completion method for both enterprises and crowd workers, thus leading to development of the most known crowdsourcing platforms and service providers. The need for businesses to adapt to service model performing ridesharing same-day delivery services is a phenomenon known as “Crowdsourced Logistics”.
  • 482
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mastercard Foundation
Mastercard Foundation is a global foundation established by Mastercard in 2006. Since its creation, the Foundation has partnered with a number of worldwide Non-governmental organizations and core partners aiming to ameliorate financial life, primarily in the Global South. Its objective is to use a $2 billion endowment on Microfinance programs. With these programs, the Foundation's goal is to make global economics more accessible to people around the world. These programs also strive to give youth around the world new educational experiences and access to financial services and programs.
  • 480
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
130–30 Fund
A 130–30 fund or a ratio up to 150/50 is a type of collective investment vehicle, often a type of specialty mutual fund, but which allows the fund manager simultaneously to hold both long and short positions on different equities in the fund. Traditionally, mutual funds were long-only investments. 130–30 funds are a fast-growing segment of the financial industry; they should be available both as traditional mutual funds, and as exchange-traded funds (ETFs). While this type of investment has existed for a while in the hedge fund industry, its availability for retail investors is relatively new. A 130–30 fund is considered a long-short equity fund, meaning it goes both long and short at the same time. The "130" portion stands for 130% exposure to its long portfolio and the "30" portion stands for 30% exposure to its short portfolio. The structure usually ranges from 120–20 up to 150–50 with 130–30 being the most popular and is limited to 150/50 because of Reg T limiting the short side to 50%.
  • 480
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Forest Certification
Forest certification may verify sustainable development practices in primary forest production. However, certification of privately owned forest lands cannot be taken for granted, as it is associated with the demands and challenges of forest management. Despite these challenges, some private owners of forest lands chose to certify their operations. 
  • 480
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Solvency II Directive 2009
The Solvency II Directive (2009/138/EC) is a Directive in European Union law that codifies and harmonises the EU insurance regulation. Primarily this concerns the amount of capital that EU insurance companies must hold to reduce the risk of insolvency. Following an EU Parliament vote on the Omnibus II Directive on 11 March 2014, Solvency II came into effect on 1 January 2016. This date had been previously pushed back many times.
  • 479
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Logic of Collective Action for Rural Warehouse Condominiums
Warehouse structure strengthens and provides greater efficiency to rural businesses and producers, inserts and integrates the industry into a competitive market environment, provides economic and social benefits, leads to cost reduction, and increased profit. The economic, social and logistical determinants show the product’s commercialisation, logistical gains, and the producers’ association regarding the development and growth of rural collective action. 
  • 479
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Green Innovation and Industry and Talent
With increasing pressure on industry resulting from the need for ecological and environmental protection and sustainable development, green innovation development has gradually become a central issue of concern. With predictions of “peak” carbon, the need for carbon neutrality, and the requirement to pursue sustainable development goals, green innovation is not only important for the high-quality growth of the pharmaceutical industry but also represents an impetus to develop high-level talent. The promotion of the further coordination and integration of industry and talent through green innovation is an important issue in contemporary industrial economic development. 
  • 479
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Low-Tech Perspective on Energy Flexibility
Energy flexibility, one of the key pillars of the energy transition, is an umbrella term that covers multiple innovative solutions implemented at all levels of the electric grid to ensure power quality standards, amongst other objectives. Low-tech, on the other hand, emphasizes designing, producing, and sustainably implementing solutions that address the core needs of individuals and organisations.  
  • 481
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Recycling Model Selection for Electronic Products
Electronics are different from general durable products. With the rapid development of electronic technology, the replacement of electronic products is extremely fast. Although it can bring us an improvement in the quality of life, the frequency of elimination is higher than that of other products. If the discarded electronic products cannot be disposed of in time, it will bring serious pollution damage to the ecological environment.Electronic products are products with high recycling value, which have three attributes of fast replacement, environmental pollution and resource reuse. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of waste electronics on the environment, it is very important to properly recycle waste electronics.The recycling of waste electronic products is a problem to be solved in practice and theory. The first and foremost problem to be solved for waste electronic products is the choice of recycling model for the manufacturer. There are two main types of manufacturer recycling, one is self-recycling by the manufacturer, the other is with the help of online platforms or third-party recycling. In addition to the choice of recycling model, the opaque recycling process, lax supervision and other problems easily affect consumers' trust in the recycling of waste products. Consumers returned used products, but not all of them reached the manufacturer, and the actual recycling of waste products was far less than the theoretical recycling. As a distributed accounting technology blockchain has the characteristics of visibility,tamper-proof, traceability, decentralization, and the high reliability of the system, which can verify transactions on peer-to-peer networks and achieve security, transparency, low transaction costs,and the automation of transactions. The trust of consumers by using the visibility and traceability features blockchain technology can be increased to enable the real and effective recycling of waste products.
  • 479
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Alpha Indexes
Nasdaq OMX Alpha Indexes measure the relative performance of an underlying stock or exchange-traded fund (ETF) against another benchmark ETF using a proprietary calculation. The first component in the index is the “Target Component”, such as Apple (AAPL), and the second component is identified as a “Benchmark Component”, such as the S&P 500 ETF (SPY). The Nasdaq OMX Alpha Indexes were developed by Jacob S. Sagi and Robert E. Whaley, both professors at the Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University. They published a research paper “Trading Relative Performance with Alpha Indexes” in the November/ December 2011 issue of Financial Analysts Journal detailing the concept behind Alpha Indexes. Nasdaq OMX launched the live calculation and dissemination of Alpha Indexes on October 11, 2010. The Alpha Indexes were set at 100.00 as of January 1, 2010. Thus each disseminated index depicts a target component’s return performance versus its benchmark since January 1, 2010. For example, the Alpha Index for AAPL with SPY as the benchmark, which trades under the symbol AVSPY, had a level of 199.91 on 11/09/12. This means that over the period between 1/1/2010 until 11/09/2012 an investment in AAPL outperformed an investment in SPY by +99.91%
  • 478
  • 14 Oct 2022
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